Word recognition in noise at higher-than-normal levels: Decreases in scores and increases in masking

Under certain conditions, speech recognition in noise decreases above conversational levels when signal-to-noise ratio is held constant. The current study was undertaken to determine if nonlinear growth of masking and the subsequent reduction in "effective" signal-to-noise ratio accounts for this decline. Nine young adults with normal hearing listened to monosyllabic words at three levels in each of three levels of a masker shaped to match the speech spectrum. An additional low-level noise equated audibility by producing equivalent masked thresholds for all subjects. If word recognition was determined entirely by signal-to-noise ratio and was independent of overall speech and masker levels, scores at a given signal-to-noise ratio should remain constant with increasing level. Masked pure-tone thresholds measured in the speech-shaped maskers increased linearly with increasing masker level at lower frequencies but nonlinearly at higher frequencies, consistent with nonlinear growth of upward spread of masking that followed the peaks in the spectrum of the speech-shaped masker. Word recognition declined significantly with increasing level when signal-to-noise ratio was held constant which was attributed to nonlinear growth of masking and reduced "effective" signal-to-noise ratio at high speech-shaped masker levels, as indicated by audibility estimates based on the Articulation Index.