Trends in blood lead levels in UK workers, 1995–2007
ObjectivesThis study evaluated blood lead data (including zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and haemoglobin levels) collected at the UK's Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) in order to determine temporal changes in occupational exposure to lead between 1995 and 2007.MethodsA total of 20 889 blood lead...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England) England), 2010-09, Vol.67 (9), p.590-595 |
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| creator | Morton, Jackie Cotton, Richard Cocker, John Warren, Nicholas D |
| description | ObjectivesThis study evaluated blood lead data (including zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and haemoglobin levels) collected at the UK's Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) in order to determine temporal changes in occupational exposure to lead between 1995 and 2007.MethodsA total of 20 889 blood lead measurements and accompanying ZPP and haemoglobin results from 8810 workers at 972 companies from routine samples received by HSL over the period 1995–2007 were analysed. Time trends in blood lead levels for each industry sector were estimated using Bayesian mixed effects modelling.ResultsReductions in median blood levels over the period 1995–2007 were seen in every sector except for those samples forwarded by occupational health providers, and range from 1.6% per year for workers in the smelting industry to 12% per year for workers in pottery and glazing industries. An overall reduction of 3.1% per year across all industries was determined. The percentage of results above the current UK suspension limit of 60 μg/dl fell from 4.8% in 1995 to 0.6% in 2007. ZPP and blood lead exhibited a strong association, but no significant correlation was found between blood lead and haemoglobin.ConclusionsOccupational exposure to lead has fallen across UK industries in recent years, although it remains substantially above background levels. There is evidence that many workers are exposed to elevated lead levels over a long period of time and this deserves renewed consideration now that inorganic lead has been reclassified as a probable human carcinogen. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/oem.2009.047258 |
| format | Article |
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Time trends in blood lead levels for each industry sector were estimated using Bayesian mixed effects modelling.ResultsReductions in median blood levels over the period 1995–2007 were seen in every sector except for those samples forwarded by occupational health providers, and range from 1.6% per year for workers in the smelting industry to 12% per year for workers in pottery and glazing industries. An overall reduction of 3.1% per year across all industries was determined. The percentage of results above the current UK suspension limit of 60 μg/dl fell from 4.8% in 1995 to 0.6% in 2007. ZPP and blood lead exhibited a strong association, but no significant correlation was found between blood lead and haemoglobin.ConclusionsOccupational exposure to lead has fallen across UK industries in recent years, although it remains substantially above background levels. There is evidence that many workers are exposed to elevated lead levels over a long period of time and this deserves renewed consideration now that inorganic lead has been reclassified as a probable human carcinogen.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1351-0711</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1470-7926</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.047258</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20798026</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bayesian ; Biological and medical sciences ; biological monitoring ; biomonitoring ; Blood ; Blood lead ; Blood levels ; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases ; Claws ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Female ; Hemoglobins - metabolism ; Humans ; Industrial refining ; Industrial sectors ; Industry - statistics & numerical data ; Industry - trends ; Laboratories ; Lead ; Lead - blood ; Lead acid batteries ; Lead alloys ; Lead content ; Lead industry ; Lead poisoning ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Metals and various inorganic compounds ; Middle Aged ; Occupational exposure ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data ; Occupational health ; Occupational health and safety ; occupational health practice ; Protoporphyrins - blood ; Smelting ; statistics ; time trends ; Toxicology ; Trends ; United Kingdom ; Workplace ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England), 2010-09, Vol.67 (9), p.590-595</ispartof><rights>2010, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2010 BMJ Publishing Group</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright: 2010 (c) 2010, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b547t-c97db8557fb5640e26023978f3c159a49b73121d81adac7836692b8ca6392ae3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b547t-c97db8557fb5640e26023978f3c159a49b73121d81adac7836692b8ca6392ae3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://oem.bmj.com/content/67/9/590.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://oem.bmj.com/content/67/9/590.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>114,115,314,780,784,803,3195,23570,27923,27924,58016,58249,77471,77502</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23137729$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798026$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Morton, Jackie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cotton, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cocker, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Warren, Nicholas D</creatorcontrib><title>Trends in blood lead levels in UK workers, 1995–2007</title><title>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</title><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><description>ObjectivesThis study evaluated blood lead data (including zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and haemoglobin levels) collected at the UK's Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) in order to determine temporal changes in occupational exposure to lead between 1995 and 2007.MethodsA total of 20 889 blood lead measurements and accompanying ZPP and haemoglobin results from 8810 workers at 972 companies from routine samples received by HSL over the period 1995–2007 were analysed. Time trends in blood lead levels for each industry sector were estimated using Bayesian mixed effects modelling.ResultsReductions in median blood levels over the period 1995–2007 were seen in every sector except for those samples forwarded by occupational health providers, and range from 1.6% per year for workers in the smelting industry to 12% per year for workers in pottery and glazing industries. An overall reduction of 3.1% per year across all industries was determined. The percentage of results above the current UK suspension limit of 60 μg/dl fell from 4.8% in 1995 to 0.6% in 2007. ZPP and blood lead exhibited a strong association, but no significant correlation was found between blood lead and haemoglobin.ConclusionsOccupational exposure to lead has fallen across UK industries in recent years, although it remains substantially above background levels. There is evidence that many workers are exposed to elevated lead levels over a long period of time and this deserves renewed consideration now that inorganic lead has been reclassified as a probable human carcinogen.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Bayesian</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>biological monitoring</subject><subject>biomonitoring</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood lead</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</subject><subject>Claws</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hemoglobins - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Industrial refining</subject><subject>Industrial sectors</subject><subject>Industry - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Industry - trends</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Lead - blood</subject><subject>Lead acid batteries</subject><subject>Lead alloys</subject><subject>Lead content</subject><subject>Lead industry</subject><subject>Lead poisoning</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metals and various inorganic compounds</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational exposure</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Occupational health</subject><subject>Occupational health and safety</subject><subject>occupational health practice</subject><subject>Protoporphyrins - blood</subject><subject>Smelting</subject><subject>statistics</subject><subject>time trends</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>United Kingdom</subject><subject>Workplace</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1351-0711</issn><issn>1470-7926</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEFPFDEUxxsiAVw5e9JMYgwJcZa-dtrXHs1GhABqzKLHpjPTSWaZmUK7C3LzO_gN_SR0nRUSL17apv9f3-v7EfIS6BSAyyPv-imjVE9pgUyoLbIHBdIcNZPP0pkLyCkC7JLnMS4oBY6c7ZBdRlEryuQekfPghjpm7ZCVnfd11jm7Xm5d9-fy8iy78-HKhfguA63F75-_Uj98QbYb20W3v9knZH78YT47yc8_fzydvT_PS1HgMq801qUSAptSyII6JinjGlXDKxDaFrpEDgxqBba2FSoupWalqqzkmlnHJ-RgLHsd_M3KxaXp21i5rrOD86tolOCFkkWaakLe_EMu_CoM6W8GUAGnUoFM1NFIVcHHGFxjrkPb23BvgJq1UJOEmrVQMwpNL15v6q7K3tWP_F-DCXi7AWysbNcEO1RtfOJ4co5MJ-7VyC3i0oenXKDggtOU52PexqX78ZjbcGUkchTm07eZufgOX-mX-YU5TvzhyJf94r9TPACdSJ-s</recordid><startdate>20100901</startdate><enddate>20100901</enddate><creator>Morton, Jackie</creator><creator>Cotton, Richard</creator><creator>Cocker, John</creator><creator>Warren, Nicholas D</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20100901</creationdate><title>Trends in blood lead levels in UK workers, 1995–2007</title><author>Morton, Jackie ; Cotton, Richard ; Cocker, John ; Warren, Nicholas D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b547t-c97db8557fb5640e26023978f3c159a49b73121d81adac7836692b8ca6392ae3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Bayesian</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>biological monitoring</topic><topic>biomonitoring</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Blood lead</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases</topic><topic>Claws</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hemoglobins - metabolism</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Industrial refining</topic><topic>Industrial sectors</topic><topic>Industry - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Industry - trends</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Lead - blood</topic><topic>Lead acid batteries</topic><topic>Lead alloys</topic><topic>Lead content</topic><topic>Lead industry</topic><topic>Lead poisoning</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Metals and various inorganic compounds</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational exposure</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Occupational health</topic><topic>Occupational health and safety</topic><topic>occupational health practice</topic><topic>Protoporphyrins - 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Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Morton, Jackie</au><au>Cotton, Richard</au><au>Cocker, John</au><au>Warren, Nicholas D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Trends in blood lead levels in UK workers, 1995–2007</atitle><jtitle>Occupational and environmental medicine (London, England)</jtitle><addtitle>Occup Environ Med</addtitle><date>2010-09-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>67</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>590</spage><epage>595</epage><pages>590-595</pages><issn>1351-0711</issn><eissn>1470-7926</eissn><abstract>ObjectivesThis study evaluated blood lead data (including zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and haemoglobin levels) collected at the UK's Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) in order to determine temporal changes in occupational exposure to lead between 1995 and 2007.MethodsA total of 20 889 blood lead measurements and accompanying ZPP and haemoglobin results from 8810 workers at 972 companies from routine samples received by HSL over the period 1995–2007 were analysed. Time trends in blood lead levels for each industry sector were estimated using Bayesian mixed effects modelling.ResultsReductions in median blood levels over the period 1995–2007 were seen in every sector except for those samples forwarded by occupational health providers, and range from 1.6% per year for workers in the smelting industry to 12% per year for workers in pottery and glazing industries. An overall reduction of 3.1% per year across all industries was determined. The percentage of results above the current UK suspension limit of 60 μg/dl fell from 4.8% in 1995 to 0.6% in 2007. ZPP and blood lead exhibited a strong association, but no significant correlation was found between blood lead and haemoglobin.ConclusionsOccupational exposure to lead has fallen across UK industries in recent years, although it remains substantially above background levels. There is evidence that many workers are exposed to elevated lead levels over a long period of time and this deserves renewed consideration now that inorganic lead has been reclassified as a probable human carcinogen.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</pub><pmid>20798026</pmid><doi>10.1136/oem.2009.047258</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Bayesian Biological and medical sciences biological monitoring biomonitoring Blood Blood lead Blood levels Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Claws Environmental Monitoring - methods Female Hemoglobins - metabolism Humans Industrial refining Industrial sectors Industry - statistics & numerical data Industry - trends Laboratories Lead Lead - blood Lead acid batteries Lead alloys Lead content Lead industry Lead poisoning Male Medical sciences Metals and various inorganic compounds Middle Aged Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data Occupational health Occupational health and safety occupational health practice Protoporphyrins - blood Smelting statistics time trends Toxicology Trends United Kingdom Workplace Young Adult |
| title | Trends in blood lead levels in UK workers, 1995–2007 |
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