Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, the banded elm bark beetle, and S. multistriatus Marsham, the smaller European elm bark beetle, are morphologically similar. Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need...
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description | Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, the banded elm bark beetle, and S. multistriatus Marsham, the smaller European elm bark beetle, are morphologically similar. Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need for good-quality specimens. The inability to identify developmental stages can also hamper early-detection programs. Using two character identification systems, genitalic (aedeagus) morphology, and DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)) to distinguish S. schevyrewi from S. multistriatus, we examined specimens from geographically distinct populations of both species collected from infested host trees or semiochemical-baited funnel traps. We found that aedeagus morphology can be used to identify the two species. The use of two oligonucleotide primers in the RAPD-PCR analysis yielded distinct DNA banding patterns for the two species. Species identification using RAPD-PCR analysis was validated by a blind test and used to make species identifications of larval specimens. These tools improve the ability to differentiate between S. schevyrewi and S. multistriatus at immature and adult stages, and could be developed and used for other scolytines as well. Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, le scolyte asiatique de l’orme, et S. multistriatus Marsham, le petit scolyte européen de l’orme, se ressemblent morphologiquement. L’utilisation des seuls caractères externes des adultes pour l’identification pose un problème, car il y a un fort degré de variabilité au sein de chacune des espèces et il est nécessaire d’obtenir des spécimens de bonne qualité. L’impossibilité d’identifier les stades immatures peut aussi nuire aux programmes de détection hâtive. En utilisant deux systèmes de caractères diagnostiques, la morphologie génitale (édéage) et des marqueurs ADN (ADN polymorphe amplifié aléatoirement en chaîne par polymérase (RAPD-PCR)), pour distinguer S. schevyrewi et S. multistriatus, nous avons examiné des spécimens provenant de populations géographiquement distinctes des deux espèces et récoltés sur des arbres hôtes infestés ou dans des pièges appâtés de produits sémiochimiques. Nous trouvons que la morphologie de l’édéage permet d’identifier les deux espèces. L’utilisation de deux sondes d’oligonucléotides dans l’analyse RAPD-PCR produit des patrons de bandes ADN distincts chez les deux espèces. Nous avons validé l’identification par |
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Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need for good-quality specimens. The inability to identify developmental stages can also hamper early-detection programs. Using two character identification systems, genitalic (aedeagus) morphology, and DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)) to distinguish S. schevyrewi from S. multistriatus, we examined specimens from geographically distinct populations of both species collected from infested host trees or semiochemical-baited funnel traps. We found that aedeagus morphology can be used to identify the two species. The use of two oligonucleotide primers in the RAPD-PCR analysis yielded distinct DNA banding patterns for the two species. Species identification using RAPD-PCR analysis was validated by a blind test and used to make species identifications of larval specimens. These tools improve the ability to differentiate between S. schevyrewi and S. multistriatus at immature and adult stages, and could be developed and used for other scolytines as well. Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, le scolyte asiatique de l’orme, et S. multistriatus Marsham, le petit scolyte européen de l’orme, se ressemblent morphologiquement. L’utilisation des seuls caractères externes des adultes pour l’identification pose un problème, car il y a un fort degré de variabilité au sein de chacune des espèces et il est nécessaire d’obtenir des spécimens de bonne qualité. L’impossibilité d’identifier les stades immatures peut aussi nuire aux programmes de détection hâtive. En utilisant deux systèmes de caractères diagnostiques, la morphologie génitale (édéage) et des marqueurs ADN (ADN polymorphe amplifié aléatoirement en chaîne par polymérase (RAPD-PCR)), pour distinguer S. schevyrewi et S. multistriatus, nous avons examiné des spécimens provenant de populations géographiquement distinctes des deux espèces et récoltés sur des arbres hôtes infestés ou dans des pièges appâtés de produits sémiochimiques. Nous trouvons que la morphologie de l’édéage permet d’identifier les deux espèces. L’utilisation de deux sondes d’oligonucléotides dans l’analyse RAPD-PCR produit des patrons de bandes ADN distincts chez les deux espèces. Nous avons validé l’identification par l’analyse RAPD-PCR dans un test aveugle; nous l’avons aussi appliquée à l’identification spécifique de larves. Ces outils permettent de mieux différencier S. schevyrewi de S. multistriatus aux stades immatures et adulte; il serait possible d’en mettre au point et d’en utiliser de semblables pour d’autres scolytinés. [Traduit par la Rédaction]</description><identifier>ISSN: 0008-347X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1918-3240</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4039/n07-034</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CAENAF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, USA: Entomological Society of Canada</publisher><subject>aedeagus ; bark beetles ; Biological and medical sciences ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; DNA primers ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; genetic markers ; genetic variation ; insect morphology ; insect taxonomy ; Insecta ; Insects ; introduced species ; invasive species ; Invertebrates ; Life cycles ; male genitalia ; molecular systematics ; Morphology ; pest identification ; random amplified polymorphic DNA technique ; Scolytidae ; Scolytinae ; Scolytus ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Systematics and morphology / Systématique et morphologie ; Systematics. Geographical distribution ; taxonomy</subject><ispartof>Canadian entomologist, 2008-09, Vol.140 (5), p.527-538</ispartof><rights>2008 Entomological Society of Canada</rights><rights>Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2008</rights><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Entomological Society of Canada Sep/Oct 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b503t-fef12688be912ccbc4634e83f5a75cabede59ab6026ac3a7b268d15b25fe01863</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b503t-fef12688be912ccbc4634e83f5a75cabede59ab6026ac3a7b268d15b25fe01863</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.4039/n07-034$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbioone$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008347X00002042/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,776,780,26957,27903,27904,52341,55606</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20850476$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Patricia L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, Jane L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rinehart, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sheppard, Walter S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Steven E.</creatorcontrib><title>Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</title><title>Canadian entomologist</title><addtitle>Can Entomol</addtitle><description>Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, the banded elm bark beetle, and S. multistriatus Marsham, the smaller European elm bark beetle, are morphologically similar. Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need for good-quality specimens. The inability to identify developmental stages can also hamper early-detection programs. Using two character identification systems, genitalic (aedeagus) morphology, and DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)) to distinguish S. schevyrewi from S. multistriatus, we examined specimens from geographically distinct populations of both species collected from infested host trees or semiochemical-baited funnel traps. We found that aedeagus morphology can be used to identify the two species. The use of two oligonucleotide primers in the RAPD-PCR analysis yielded distinct DNA banding patterns for the two species. Species identification using RAPD-PCR analysis was validated by a blind test and used to make species identifications of larval specimens. These tools improve the ability to differentiate between S. schevyrewi and S. multistriatus at immature and adult stages, and could be developed and used for other scolytines as well. Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, le scolyte asiatique de l’orme, et S. multistriatus Marsham, le petit scolyte européen de l’orme, se ressemblent morphologiquement. L’utilisation des seuls caractères externes des adultes pour l’identification pose un problème, car il y a un fort degré de variabilité au sein de chacune des espèces et il est nécessaire d’obtenir des spécimens de bonne qualité. L’impossibilité d’identifier les stades immatures peut aussi nuire aux programmes de détection hâtive. En utilisant deux systèmes de caractères diagnostiques, la morphologie génitale (édéage) et des marqueurs ADN (ADN polymorphe amplifié aléatoirement en chaîne par polymérase (RAPD-PCR)), pour distinguer S. schevyrewi et S. multistriatus, nous avons examiné des spécimens provenant de populations géographiquement distinctes des deux espèces et récoltés sur des arbres hôtes infestés ou dans des pièges appâtés de produits sémiochimiques. Nous trouvons que la morphologie de l’édéage permet d’identifier les deux espèces. L’utilisation de deux sondes d’oligonucléotides dans l’analyse RAPD-PCR produit des patrons de bandes ADN distincts chez les deux espèces. Nous avons validé l’identification par l’analyse RAPD-PCR dans un test aveugle; nous l’avons aussi appliquée à l’identification spécifique de larves. Ces outils permettent de mieux différencier S. schevyrewi de S. multistriatus aux stades immatures et adulte; il serait possible d’en mettre au point et d’en utiliser de semblables pour d’autres scolytinés. [Traduit par la Rédaction]</description><subject>aedeagus</subject><subject>bark beetles</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Coleoptera</subject><subject>Curculionidae</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA primers</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>genetic markers</subject><subject>genetic variation</subject><subject>insect morphology</subject><subject>insect taxonomy</subject><subject>Insecta</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>introduced species</subject><subject>invasive species</subject><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subject>Life cycles</subject><subject>male genitalia</subject><subject>molecular systematics</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>pest identification</subject><subject>random amplified polymorphic DNA technique</subject><subject>Scolytidae</subject><subject>Scolytinae</subject><subject>Scolytus</subject><subject>Scolytus multistriatus</subject><subject>Systematics and morphology / Systématique et morphologie</subject><subject>Systematics. Geographical distribution</subject><subject>taxonomy</subject><issn>0008-347X</issn><issn>1918-3240</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkd9qFDEUxgdRcK3iIzgIthYczZ_JTKZ3MtQqVqR0K70LJ9kzbepssiYzW9en8JHNsksXhIpXOTn55Xzn48uy55S8LQlv3jlSF4SXD7IJbagsOCvJw2xCCEl1WV8-zp7EeJOugvJmkv1uryGAGTDYXzBY73Lf5cOtz513hUudJebWLSGuCw3he64Rhx7jm_zc-H41jDGP5hqXq4C3Ngc32_XnYz_YOAQL69vr1vfoF0kJjvJ2DGbsk5ydAR5tv1gHePg0e9RBH_HZ9tzLLj4cT9uPxenXk0_t-9NCC8KHosOOskpKjQ1lxmhTVrxEyTsBtTCgcYaiAV0RVoHhUOsEz6jQTHRIqKz4XnawmbsI_seIcVBzGw32PTj0Y1RS8FIyxtl_kLSsqCRlIvf_SdJGkLRnncCXf4E3fgwu-VWMCkZJVYudrgk-xoCdWgQ7h7BSlKh11CpFrVLUiXy1HQfRQN8FcMbGO5wRmXTrtediw6VU8Ofde0pVVTWvhapOztTlt7Pmy3T6WcnEv9jwHXgFVyHNvDhnhHJCRSUpXSsfbneEuQ52doU7J_duqa33Du918wc--NyT</recordid><startdate>20080901</startdate><enddate>20080901</enddate><creator>Johnson, Patricia L.</creator><creator>Hayes, Jane L.</creator><creator>Rinehart, John</creator><creator>Sheppard, Walter S.</creator><creator>Smith, Steven E.</creator><general>Entomological Society of Canada</general><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FQ</scope><scope>8FV</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M3G</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080901</creationdate><title>Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</title><author>Johnson, Patricia L. ; Hayes, Jane L. ; Rinehart, John ; Sheppard, Walter S. ; Smith, Steven E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b503t-fef12688be912ccbc4634e83f5a75cabede59ab6026ac3a7b268d15b25fe01863</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>aedeagus</topic><topic>bark beetles</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Coleoptera</topic><topic>Curculionidae</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA primers</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>genetic markers</topic><topic>genetic variation</topic><topic>insect morphology</topic><topic>insect taxonomy</topic><topic>Insecta</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>introduced species</topic><topic>invasive species</topic><topic>Invertebrates</topic><topic>Life cycles</topic><topic>male genitalia</topic><topic>molecular systematics</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>pest identification</topic><topic>random amplified polymorphic DNA technique</topic><topic>Scolytidae</topic><topic>Scolytinae</topic><topic>Scolytus</topic><topic>Scolytus multistriatus</topic><topic>Systematics and morphology / Systématique et morphologie</topic><topic>Systematics. Geographical distribution</topic><topic>taxonomy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Patricia L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, Jane L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rinehart, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sheppard, Walter S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Steven E.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>CBCA Reference & Current Events</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Canadian entomologist</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Johnson, Patricia L.</au><au>Hayes, Jane L.</au><au>Rinehart, John</au><au>Sheppard, Walter S.</au><au>Smith, Steven E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</atitle><jtitle>Canadian entomologist</jtitle><addtitle>Can Entomol</addtitle><date>2008-09-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>140</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>527</spage><epage>538</epage><pages>527-538</pages><issn>0008-347X</issn><eissn>1918-3240</eissn><coden>CAENAF</coden><abstract>Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, the banded elm bark beetle, and S. multistriatus Marsham, the smaller European elm bark beetle, are morphologically similar. Reliance on adult external morphological characters for identification can be problematic because of wide within-species variability and the need for good-quality specimens. The inability to identify developmental stages can also hamper early-detection programs. Using two character identification systems, genitalic (aedeagus) morphology, and DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR)) to distinguish S. schevyrewi from S. multistriatus, we examined specimens from geographically distinct populations of both species collected from infested host trees or semiochemical-baited funnel traps. We found that aedeagus morphology can be used to identify the two species. The use of two oligonucleotide primers in the RAPD-PCR analysis yielded distinct DNA banding patterns for the two species. Species identification using RAPD-PCR analysis was validated by a blind test and used to make species identifications of larval specimens. These tools improve the ability to differentiate between S. schevyrewi and S. multistriatus at immature and adult stages, and could be developed and used for other scolytines as well. Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, le scolyte asiatique de l’orme, et S. multistriatus Marsham, le petit scolyte européen de l’orme, se ressemblent morphologiquement. L’utilisation des seuls caractères externes des adultes pour l’identification pose un problème, car il y a un fort degré de variabilité au sein de chacune des espèces et il est nécessaire d’obtenir des spécimens de bonne qualité. L’impossibilité d’identifier les stades immatures peut aussi nuire aux programmes de détection hâtive. En utilisant deux systèmes de caractères diagnostiques, la morphologie génitale (édéage) et des marqueurs ADN (ADN polymorphe amplifié aléatoirement en chaîne par polymérase (RAPD-PCR)), pour distinguer S. schevyrewi et S. multistriatus, nous avons examiné des spécimens provenant de populations géographiquement distinctes des deux espèces et récoltés sur des arbres hôtes infestés ou dans des pièges appâtés de produits sémiochimiques. Nous trouvons que la morphologie de l’édéage permet d’identifier les deux espèces. L’utilisation de deux sondes d’oligonucléotides dans l’analyse RAPD-PCR produit des patrons de bandes ADN distincts chez les deux espèces. Nous avons validé l’identification par l’analyse RAPD-PCR dans un test aveugle; nous l’avons aussi appliquée à l’identification spécifique de larves. Ces outils permettent de mieux différencier S. schevyrewi de S. multistriatus aux stades immatures et adulte; il serait possible d’en mettre au point et d’en utiliser de semblables pour d’autres scolytinés. [Traduit par la Rédaction]</abstract><cop>New York, USA</cop><pub>Entomological Society of Canada</pub><doi>10.4039/n07-034</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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ispartof | Canadian entomologist, 2008-09, Vol.140 (5), p.527-538 |
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language | eng |
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subjects | aedeagus bark beetles Biological and medical sciences Coleoptera Curculionidae Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA primers Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology genetic markers genetic variation insect morphology insect taxonomy Insecta Insects introduced species invasive species Invertebrates Life cycles male genitalia molecular systematics Morphology pest identification random amplified polymorphic DNA technique Scolytidae Scolytinae Scolytus Scolytus multistriatus Systematics and morphology / Systématique et morphologie Systematics. Geographical distribution taxonomy |
title | Characterization of two non-native invasive bark beetles, Scolytus schevyrewi and Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-27T02%3A44%3A08IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Characterization%20of%20two%20non-native%20invasive%20bark%20beetles,%20Scolytus%20schevyrewi%20and%20Scolytus%20multistriatus%20(Coleoptera:%20Curculionidae:%20Scolytinae)&rft.jtitle=Canadian%20entomologist&rft.au=Johnson,%20Patricia%20L.&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=527&rft.epage=538&rft.pages=527-538&rft.issn=0008-347X&rft.eissn=1918-3240&rft.coden=CAENAF&rft_id=info:doi/10.4039/n07-034&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E19504637%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=215210675&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_cupid=10_4039_n07_034&rfr_iscdi=true |