The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes)
The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's sc...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Behaviour 1977, Vol.61 (1-2), p.82-105 |
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| description | The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1163/156853977X00496 |
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David</creator><creatorcontrib>Henry, J. David</creatorcontrib><description>The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P<0.001) food remnants exhibiting both the odor of food and the odor of urine as compared to remnants exhibiting just the odor of food. Experiment III suggests that there a hierarchy of stimuli which determines different responses in the fox's scavenging behavior. The experiments also suggest that there is a degree of social behavior in the scavenging activities of red foxes. Foxes appear to use each other's urine marks to increase the efficiency of their scavenging behavior. Thus this study definitely support Leyhausen's (1965) statement that the social life of solitary animals is frequently more complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms for occupying niches where highly social species could not be maintained. The social evolution and ecological advantages of solitary species deserve to be the focus of future research. /// Elf verschiedene Funktionen der Säugetierharnmarkierung sind in dieser Arbeit diskutiert. Das Harnmarkieren des Rotfuches, Vulpes vulpes, ist im einzelnen beschrieben. Nach der hier entwickelten Hypothese bedeutet das Harnmarkieren für den Fuchs eine Art "Buchführung". Füchse markieren alle ungeniessbaren Futterreste wie etwa Knochen, Vogelflügel und ausgetrocknete Haut mit Harn. Wenn ein Fuchs auf ein so markiertes Überbleibsel stösst, signalisiert der Harn "nicht essbar". Der Fuchs hält sich dann nicht länger auf dieser Stelle auf. Die Harnmarke erhöht also die Erfolgsaussichten der Futtersuche. In anderen Worten: Der Fuchs findet mehr essbare Objekte je Suchstunde. Dies kann zu Mangelzeiten von grosser Bedeutung sein. Diese Hypothese wurde in drei verschiedenen Versuchen mit freilebenden Füchsen überprüft. Der erste Versuch bestätigte, dass Rotfüchse Futterüberreste mit Harn markieren. Der zweite Versuch zeigte, dass Füchse Stellen untersuchen, die einen Geruch von Futter und Harn haben; jedoch halten sie sich dabei bedeutend kürzer auf als an Stellen, die nur nach Futter riechen. Das dritte Experiment beweist dass die Reize "Futtergeruch" und "Harngeruch" je nach Intensität verschiedene Verhaltensweisen des Rotfuchses auslösen. Ferner deuten die Experimente darauf hin, dass die beschriebenen Verhaltensweisen des Fuches auch soziale Bedeutung haben. Es scheint, als ob die Füchse gegenseitig auf ihre Harnmarkierungen achten und in dieser Weise sich gegenseitig die Futtersuche erleichtern. Die Arbeit bestätigt Leyhausen's (1965) Annahme, das Sozialleben von solitären Tieren sei oftmals komplizierter als man früher meinte. Höchstwahrscheinlich besitzen solitäre Arten viele sinnreiche Anpassungsmechanismen für ökologische Nischen, die für soziallebende Arten ungeeignet wären. Weitere Studien über die Sozialevolution und die ökologischen Vorteile der solitären Arten sind sehr zu wünschen.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0005-7959</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1568-539X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 0005-7959</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1163/156853977X00496</identifier><identifier>PMID: 869875</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>The Netherlands: BRILL</publisher><subject>Animal feeding behavior ; Animals ; Canada ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior - physiology ; Female ; Foxes ; Foxes - physiology ; Male ; Mammals ; Marking behavior ; Odors ; Pheromones ; Pheromones - urine ; Scavenging ; Scavenging behavior ; Urine</subject><ispartof>Behaviour, 1977, Vol.61 (1-2), p.82-105</ispartof><rights>1977 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands</rights><rights>Copyright 1977 E. J. Brill</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b482t-dc35d9f40d66a6fef9e8dfe4fecac1a1f87a44617be7af70d276fc0e26f6557d3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4533812$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/4533812$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,4010,27846,27900,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/869875$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Henry, J. David</creatorcontrib><title>The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes)</title><title>Behaviour</title><addtitle>BEH</addtitle><description>The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P<0.001) food remnants exhibiting both the odor of food and the odor of urine as compared to remnants exhibiting just the odor of food. Experiment III suggests that there a hierarchy of stimuli which determines different responses in the fox's scavenging behavior. The experiments also suggest that there is a degree of social behavior in the scavenging activities of red foxes. Foxes appear to use each other's urine marks to increase the efficiency of their scavenging behavior. Thus this study definitely support Leyhausen's (1965) statement that the social life of solitary animals is frequently more complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms for occupying niches where highly social species could not be maintained. The social evolution and ecological advantages of solitary species deserve to be the focus of future research. /// Elf verschiedene Funktionen der Säugetierharnmarkierung sind in dieser Arbeit diskutiert. Das Harnmarkieren des Rotfuches, Vulpes vulpes, ist im einzelnen beschrieben. Nach der hier entwickelten Hypothese bedeutet das Harnmarkieren für den Fuchs eine Art "Buchführung". Füchse markieren alle ungeniessbaren Futterreste wie etwa Knochen, Vogelflügel und ausgetrocknete Haut mit Harn. Wenn ein Fuchs auf ein so markiertes Überbleibsel stösst, signalisiert der Harn "nicht essbar". Der Fuchs hält sich dann nicht länger auf dieser Stelle auf. Die Harnmarke erhöht also die Erfolgsaussichten der Futtersuche. In anderen Worten: Der Fuchs findet mehr essbare Objekte je Suchstunde. Dies kann zu Mangelzeiten von grosser Bedeutung sein. Diese Hypothese wurde in drei verschiedenen Versuchen mit freilebenden Füchsen überprüft. Der erste Versuch bestätigte, dass Rotfüchse Futterüberreste mit Harn markieren. Der zweite Versuch zeigte, dass Füchse Stellen untersuchen, die einen Geruch von Futter und Harn haben; jedoch halten sie sich dabei bedeutend kürzer auf als an Stellen, die nur nach Futter riechen. Das dritte Experiment beweist dass die Reize "Futtergeruch" und "Harngeruch" je nach Intensität verschiedene Verhaltensweisen des Rotfuchses auslösen. Ferner deuten die Experimente darauf hin, dass die beschriebenen Verhaltensweisen des Fuches auch soziale Bedeutung haben. Es scheint, als ob die Füchse gegenseitig auf ihre Harnmarkierungen achten und in dieser Weise sich gegenseitig die Futtersuche erleichtern. Die Arbeit bestätigt Leyhausen's (1965) Annahme, das Sozialleben von solitären Tieren sei oftmals komplizierter als man früher meinte. Höchstwahrscheinlich besitzen solitäre Arten viele sinnreiche Anpassungsmechanismen für ökologische Nischen, die für soziallebende Arten ungeeignet wären. Weitere Studien über die Sozialevolution und die ökologischen Vorteile der solitären Arten sind sehr zu wünschen.</description><subject>Animal feeding behavior</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Canada</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Foxes</subject><subject>Foxes - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mammals</subject><subject>Marking behavior</subject><subject>Odors</subject><subject>Pheromones</subject><subject>Pheromones - urine</subject><subject>Scavenging</subject><subject>Scavenging behavior</subject><subject>Urine</subject><issn>0005-7959</issn><issn>1568-539X</issn><issn>0005-7959</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1977</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>K30</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kE1PGzEQhi3U0qbAuZceLCEheliw1-uvY0GENg0fggRxs5zdMWy62Q32bgT_vl4FhQqpp5HneTyaeRH6SskRpYIdUy4UZ1rKe0IyLbbQoO8ksXX_AQ0IITyRmuvP6EsI8_iUnPFPaFsJrSQfoNvJI-BpANw4PPVlDfjC-j9l_YDLGreR3eZ2BfVD3zmBR7sqG9-7PbqBAg-bZ3x411VLCHiFu3Gs33fRR2erAHuvdQdNh2eT05_J-Or81-mPcTLLVNomRc54oV1GCiGscOA0qMJB5iC3ObXUKWmzTFA5A2mdJEUqhcsJpMIJzmXBdtDBeu7SN08dhNYsypBDVdkami4YxXQ8Vsko7r8T503n67iboYyw6EnaW8drK_dNCB6cWfpyYf2LocT0WZt3Wccf317ndrMFFBt_He4bnoe28RuaccYUTSNO1rgMLTxvcIzfCMkkN6PfEzO6uZzoYXptRm_-zJdV9c8J_9nuL0zTneI</recordid><startdate>1977</startdate><enddate>1977</enddate><creator>Henry, J. 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David</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b482t-dc35d9f40d66a6fef9e8dfe4fecac1a1f87a44617be7af70d276fc0e26f6557d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1977</creationdate><topic>Animal feeding behavior</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Canada</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Foxes</topic><topic>Foxes - physiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mammals</topic><topic>Marking behavior</topic><topic>Odors</topic><topic>Pheromones</topic><topic>Pheromones - urine</topic><topic>Scavenging</topic><topic>Scavenging behavior</topic><topic>Urine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Henry, J. David</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 23</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 27</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Behaviour</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Henry, J. David</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes)</atitle><jtitle>Behaviour</jtitle><addtitle>BEH</addtitle><date>1977</date><risdate>1977</risdate><volume>61</volume><issue>1-2</issue><spage>82</spage><epage>105</epage><pages>82-105</pages><issn>0005-7959</issn><eissn>1568-539X</eissn><eissn>0005-7959</eissn><abstract>The eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P<0.001) food remnants exhibiting both the odor of food and the odor of urine as compared to remnants exhibiting just the odor of food. Experiment III suggests that there a hierarchy of stimuli which determines different responses in the fox's scavenging behavior. The experiments also suggest that there is a degree of social behavior in the scavenging activities of red foxes. Foxes appear to use each other's urine marks to increase the efficiency of their scavenging behavior. Thus this study definitely support Leyhausen's (1965) statement that the social life of solitary animals is frequently more complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms for occupying niches where highly social species could not be maintained. The social evolution and ecological advantages of solitary species deserve to be the focus of future research. /// Elf verschiedene Funktionen der Säugetierharnmarkierung sind in dieser Arbeit diskutiert. Das Harnmarkieren des Rotfuches, Vulpes vulpes, ist im einzelnen beschrieben. Nach der hier entwickelten Hypothese bedeutet das Harnmarkieren für den Fuchs eine Art "Buchführung". Füchse markieren alle ungeniessbaren Futterreste wie etwa Knochen, Vogelflügel und ausgetrocknete Haut mit Harn. Wenn ein Fuchs auf ein so markiertes Überbleibsel stösst, signalisiert der Harn "nicht essbar". Der Fuchs hält sich dann nicht länger auf dieser Stelle auf. Die Harnmarke erhöht also die Erfolgsaussichten der Futtersuche. In anderen Worten: Der Fuchs findet mehr essbare Objekte je Suchstunde. Dies kann zu Mangelzeiten von grosser Bedeutung sein. Diese Hypothese wurde in drei verschiedenen Versuchen mit freilebenden Füchsen überprüft. Der erste Versuch bestätigte, dass Rotfüchse Futterüberreste mit Harn markieren. Der zweite Versuch zeigte, dass Füchse Stellen untersuchen, die einen Geruch von Futter und Harn haben; jedoch halten sie sich dabei bedeutend kürzer auf als an Stellen, die nur nach Futter riechen. Das dritte Experiment beweist dass die Reize "Futtergeruch" und "Harngeruch" je nach Intensität verschiedene Verhaltensweisen des Rotfuchses auslösen. Ferner deuten die Experimente darauf hin, dass die beschriebenen Verhaltensweisen des Fuches auch soziale Bedeutung haben. Es scheint, als ob die Füchse gegenseitig auf ihre Harnmarkierungen achten und in dieser Weise sich gegenseitig die Futtersuche erleichtern. Die Arbeit bestätigt Leyhausen's (1965) Annahme, das Sozialleben von solitären Tieren sei oftmals komplizierter als man früher meinte. Höchstwahrscheinlich besitzen solitäre Arten viele sinnreiche Anpassungsmechanismen für ökologische Nischen, die für soziallebende Arten ungeeignet wären. Weitere Studien über die Sozialevolution und die ökologischen Vorteile der solitären Arten sind sehr zu wünschen.</abstract><cop>The Netherlands</cop><pub>BRILL</pub><pmid>869875</pmid><doi>10.1163/156853977X00496</doi><tpages>24</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal feeding behavior Animals Canada Environment Feeding Behavior - physiology Female Foxes Foxes - physiology Male Mammals Marking behavior Odors Pheromones Pheromones - urine Scavenging Scavenging behavior Urine |
| title | The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes) |
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