Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates hemostasis factors of brain capillary endothelial cells

Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein (MM-LDL) is a potent atherogenic lipoprotein. We analyzed the effects of MM-LDL on brain capillary endothelial expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and thrombomodulin (TM). Cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BEC) incubated with MM-LDL (25 μg/ml) for 24 h showed increased PAI-1 mRNA levels by approximately seven-fold, while tPA and TM mRNA levels were reduced by 84% and 75%, respectively. Moreover, PAI-1 protein levels increased two-fold (16.8±7.6 vs. 7.6±2.1 ng/ml, p