Insulin-like growth factor system and the kidney: Physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, consisting of IGF-I and IGF-II, their binding proteins, and their receptors, is expressed in a spatial organization in the nephron, but circulating IGFs also affect the kidney. Renal and systemic IGF-I and the binding proteins are regulated by growth horm...

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