Structural Analysis of Thrombin Complexed with Potent Inhibitors Incorporating a Phenyl Group as a Peptide Mimetic and Aminopyridines as Guanidine Substitutes

The structure of the noncovalent complex of human α-thrombin with a nonpeptide inhibitor containing a central phenyl scaffold, N-[2-[5-methyl-3-(2-chlorophenylsulfonyloxy)phenoxy]ethyl]-N-methyl-4-aminopyridine (1), has been determined to 2.20 Å resolution. In addition, the thrombin-bound structures of two distinct amino acid-based inhibitors (3 and 4) containing different aminopyridine-derived guanidine mimetics have been determined. Each compound occupies the same region of the active site and projects an aminopyridine, a central hydrophobic group, and an aryl group, into the S1, S2, and aryl subsites on thrombin. Nonpeptide 1 forms only one direct intermolecular hydrogen bond to the thrombin active site and forms no hydrogen bonds to ordered molecules of solvent. Close contacts are observed between main-chain carbonyl groups on thrombin and the edges of the central phenyl and aminopyridine rings and the sulfonyl group of 1 such that atoms carrying opposite partial charges are juxtaposed. Aminopyridine groups in 3 and 4 also form close contacts with the edges of carbonyl groups on thrombin and are flexibly accommodated in the S1 subsite. Superposition of the bound conformations of 1 and d-Phe-Pro-amidobutylguanidine (2) revealed that the central phenyl scaffold of 1 substitutes for the peptide main chain of 2.