Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals
Background: Thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization are often used for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hospital plumbing systems, although the comparative efficacies of these measures in high-volume systems are unknown. Methods: Thermal treatment of a hot water circuit was a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of infection control 1997-12, Vol.25 (6), p.452-457 |
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| container_title | American journal of infection control |
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| creator | Miuetzner, Sue Schwille, Robert C. Farley, Adrianne Wald, Ellen R. Ge, John H. States, Stanley J. Libert, Therese Wadowsky, Robert M. |
| description | Background: Thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization are often used for controlling
Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hospital plumbing systems, although the comparative efficacies of these measures in high-volume systems are unknown.
Methods: Thermal treatment of a hot water circuit was accomplished by flushing hot water (>60° C) through distal fixtures for 10 minutes. Copper-silver ionization was conducted in three circuits by installing units into return lines immediately upstream from hot water tanks. Recovery rates of
L. pneumophila were monitored by culturing swab samples from faucets. Concentrations of copper and silver in water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results: Four heat-flush treatments failed to provide long-term control of
L. pneumophila. In contrast, ionization treatment reduced the rate of recovery of
L. pneumophila from 108 faucets from 72% to 2% within 1 month and maintained effective control for at least 22 months. Only three samples (1.9%) of hot water from faucets exceeded Environmental Protection Agency standards for silver, and none exceeded the standards for copper. Of 24 samples obtained from hot water tanks, 42% and 50% exceeded the silver and copper standards, respectively.
Conclusions: Copper-silver ionization effectively controls
L. pneumophila in high-volume plumbing systems and is superior to thermal treatment; however, high concentrations of copper and silver can accumulate at the bottom of hot water tanks. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90066-3 |
| format | Article |
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Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hospital plumbing systems, although the comparative efficacies of these measures in high-volume systems are unknown.
Methods: Thermal treatment of a hot water circuit was accomplished by flushing hot water (>60° C) through distal fixtures for 10 minutes. Copper-silver ionization was conducted in three circuits by installing units into return lines immediately upstream from hot water tanks. Recovery rates of
L. pneumophila were monitored by culturing swab samples from faucets. Concentrations of copper and silver in water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results: Four heat-flush treatments failed to provide long-term control of
L. pneumophila. In contrast, ionization treatment reduced the rate of recovery of
L. pneumophila from 108 faucets from 72% to 2% within 1 month and maintained effective control for at least 22 months. Only three samples (1.9%) of hot water from faucets exceeded Environmental Protection Agency standards for silver, and none exceeded the standards for copper. Of 24 samples obtained from hot water tanks, 42% and 50% exceeded the silver and copper standards, respectively.
Conclusions: Copper-silver ionization effectively controls
L. pneumophila in high-volume plumbing systems and is superior to thermal treatment; however, high concentrations of copper and silver can accumulate at the bottom of hot water tanks.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0196-6553</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1527-3296</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90066-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 9437482</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc</publisher><subject>Bacterial diseases ; Biological and medical sciences ; Copper ; Cross Infection - prevention & control ; Disinfection - methods ; Electrodes ; General aspects ; Humans ; Infectious diseases ; Ions ; Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification ; Legionnaires' Disease - prevention & control ; Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital ; Medical sciences ; Pennsylvania ; Sanitary Engineering ; Silver ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Water Microbiology ; Water Supply</subject><ispartof>American journal of infection control, 1997-12, Vol.25 (6), p.452-457</ispartof><rights>1997</rights><rights>1998 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7bd638492ece6b1a78bae0310ce0bfb279dbff7bae145cf94aa2709ee43a3ac3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7bd638492ece6b1a78bae0310ce0bfb279dbff7bae145cf94aa2709ee43a3ac3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90066-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,3551,27926,27927,45997</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2087510$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437482$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Miuetzner, Sue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwille, Robert C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farley, Adrianne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wald, Ellen R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ge, John H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>States, Stanley J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Libert, Therese</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wadowsky, Robert M.</creatorcontrib><title>Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals</title><title>American journal of infection control</title><addtitle>Am J Infect Control</addtitle><description>Background: Thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization are often used for controlling
Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hospital plumbing systems, although the comparative efficacies of these measures in high-volume systems are unknown.
Methods: Thermal treatment of a hot water circuit was accomplished by flushing hot water (>60° C) through distal fixtures for 10 minutes. Copper-silver ionization was conducted in three circuits by installing units into return lines immediately upstream from hot water tanks. Recovery rates of
L. pneumophila were monitored by culturing swab samples from faucets. Concentrations of copper and silver in water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results: Four heat-flush treatments failed to provide long-term control of
L. pneumophila. In contrast, ionization treatment reduced the rate of recovery of
L. pneumophila from 108 faucets from 72% to 2% within 1 month and maintained effective control for at least 22 months. Only three samples (1.9%) of hot water from faucets exceeded Environmental Protection Agency standards for silver, and none exceeded the standards for copper. Of 24 samples obtained from hot water tanks, 42% and 50% exceeded the silver and copper standards, respectively.
Conclusions: Copper-silver ionization effectively controls
L. pneumophila in high-volume plumbing systems and is superior to thermal treatment; however, high concentrations of copper and silver can accumulate at the bottom of hot water tanks.</description><subject>Bacterial diseases</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Cross Infection - prevention & control</subject><subject>Disinfection - methods</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Ions</subject><subject>Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Legionnaires' Disease - prevention & control</subject><subject>Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Pennsylvania</subject><subject>Sanitary Engineering</subject><subject>Silver</subject><subject>Statistics, Nonparametric</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><issn>0196-6553</issn><issn>1527-3296</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1997</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU2PFCEQhonRrOPqT9iEgzF6aIWmG5qTMZv1I5nEg3snNF1MY7qhBXrM-Ev8uTIfmaunF6qeqoJ6Ebqj5D0llH_4QajkFW9b9laKd5IQziv2BG1oW4uK1ZI_RZsr8hy9SOknIUQy3t6gG9kw0XT1Bv19sNYZbQ44WJxHiLOecI6g8ww-Y-0HbMKyQKySm_YQsQve_dG5CLYhlqTPMUyT8zu8hV0JwzRpvHhY57CMrpydx6PbjdU-TOsMeAwZ_9a5tFrKvT8WpkPKMKcTGdLisp7SS_TMFoFXF71Fj58fHu-_VtvvX77df9pWpqFdrkQ_cNY1sgYDvKdadL0GwigxQHrb10IOvbWiBGnTGisbrWtBJEDDNNOG3aI357ZLDL9WSFnNLpnjHzyENSkh27ppal7A9gyaGFKKYNUS3azjQVGijoaokyHquG0lhToZolipu7sMWPsZhmvVxYGSf33J62T0ZKP2xqUrVpNOtJQU7OMZg7KLvYOoknHgDQwugslqCO4_D_kH-jqtLQ</recordid><startdate>19971201</startdate><enddate>19971201</enddate><creator>Miuetzner, Sue</creator><creator>Schwille, Robert C.</creator><creator>Farley, Adrianne</creator><creator>Wald, Ellen R.</creator><creator>Ge, John H.</creator><creator>States, Stanley J.</creator><creator>Libert, Therese</creator><creator>Wadowsky, Robert M.</creator><general>Mosby, Inc</general><general>Mosby</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19971201</creationdate><title>Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals</title><author>Miuetzner, Sue ; Schwille, Robert C. ; Farley, Adrianne ; Wald, Ellen R. ; Ge, John H. ; States, Stanley J. ; Libert, Therese ; Wadowsky, Robert M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7bd638492ece6b1a78bae0310ce0bfb279dbff7bae145cf94aa2709ee43a3ac3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1997</creationdate><topic>Bacterial diseases</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Cross Infection - prevention & control</topic><topic>Disinfection - methods</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Ions</topic><topic>Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Legionnaires' Disease - prevention & control</topic><topic>Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Pennsylvania</topic><topic>Sanitary Engineering</topic><topic>Silver</topic><topic>Statistics, Nonparametric</topic><topic>Water Microbiology</topic><topic>Water Supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Miuetzner, Sue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwille, Robert C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farley, Adrianne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wald, Ellen R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ge, John H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>States, Stanley J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Libert, Therese</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wadowsky, Robert M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>American journal of infection control</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Miuetzner, Sue</au><au>Schwille, Robert C.</au><au>Farley, Adrianne</au><au>Wald, Ellen R.</au><au>Ge, John H.</au><au>States, Stanley J.</au><au>Libert, Therese</au><au>Wadowsky, Robert M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals</atitle><jtitle>American journal of infection control</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Infect Control</addtitle><date>1997-12-01</date><risdate>1997</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>452</spage><epage>457</epage><pages>452-457</pages><issn>0196-6553</issn><eissn>1527-3296</eissn><abstract>Background: Thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization are often used for controlling
Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hospital plumbing systems, although the comparative efficacies of these measures in high-volume systems are unknown.
Methods: Thermal treatment of a hot water circuit was accomplished by flushing hot water (>60° C) through distal fixtures for 10 minutes. Copper-silver ionization was conducted in three circuits by installing units into return lines immediately upstream from hot water tanks. Recovery rates of
L. pneumophila were monitored by culturing swab samples from faucets. Concentrations of copper and silver in water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Results: Four heat-flush treatments failed to provide long-term control of
L. pneumophila. In contrast, ionization treatment reduced the rate of recovery of
L. pneumophila from 108 faucets from 72% to 2% within 1 month and maintained effective control for at least 22 months. Only three samples (1.9%) of hot water from faucets exceeded Environmental Protection Agency standards for silver, and none exceeded the standards for copper. Of 24 samples obtained from hot water tanks, 42% and 50% exceeded the silver and copper standards, respectively.
Conclusions: Copper-silver ionization effectively controls
L. pneumophila in high-volume plumbing systems and is superior to thermal treatment; however, high concentrations of copper and silver can accumulate at the bottom of hot water tanks.</abstract><cop>St. Louis, MO</cop><pub>Mosby, Inc</pub><pmid>9437482</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90066-3</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | American journal of infection control, 1997-12, Vol.25 (6), p.452-457 |
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| subjects | Bacterial diseases Biological and medical sciences Copper Cross Infection - prevention & control Disinfection - methods Electrodes General aspects Humans Infectious diseases Ions Legionella pneumophila - isolation & purification Legionnaires' Disease - prevention & control Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital Medical sciences Pennsylvania Sanitary Engineering Silver Statistics, Nonparametric Water Microbiology Water Supply |
| title | Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals |
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