Perinatal growth disturbance in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Disproportionate fetal and placental growth are associated with the development of hypertension in the rat and human. Here we report differences in fetal, neonatal, and placental growth, and in metabolism and endocrinology, between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a genetic model for human essential hypertension, and the control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain. Gestation in SHR (23 d) was longer than in WKY by 20 h. Body weights were lower in the SHR from fetal d 16 to 20 and on postnatal d 15. However, on fetal d 22 and postnatal d 1, there was no significant difference in body weight between SHR and WKY. SHR placentas were larger than those of WKY at d 20, and by term there was a difference of 30% (p < 0.01). Other indices of disproportionate growth were hypertrophy of the fetal heart and kidney and decreased ponderal index in the SHR neonate. Blood glucose in SHR fetuses was lower than in WKY fetuses (p < 0.05), whereas blood lactate was higher (p < 0.05) and fetal hematocrit was reduced (p < 0.001). These findings suggest undernutrition and placental insufficiency may occur in SHR fetuses. Plasma IGF-II was increased on the last day of gestation in both strains, whereas IGF-I was unaltered. Fetal liver IGFBP-2 mRNA and plasma IGFBP-2 levels were reduced in SHR on fetal d 20 and 22 (p < 0.01). Differences in growth and endocrine and metabolic parameters suggest abnormal perinatal physiology in the SHR, which may influence the later development of hypertension.