Stress echocardiography in special groups: In women, in left bundle branch block, in hypertension and after heart transplantation

The non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease by exercise electrocardiography is less accurate in women than in men, with a high rate of false-positive results in women. In contrast, recent studies have demonstrated that stress echocardiography in women is more accurate than exercise echocardiography and that the significantly higher specificity of stress electrocardiography may have the benefit of avoiding unnecessary angiography in women. Exercise-induced changes in the electrocardiogram are non-diagnostic in the presence of left bundle branch block or basal ST changes. In these patients, stress echocardiography can be used instead of conventional scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease, but further echocardiographic studies are needed to confirm the promising results. Exercise electrocardiography and exercise echocardiography have been reported to be disappointing in the early detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation, and dobutamine stress echocardiography overestimates the incidence of angiographic evidence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. However, compared to intravascular ultrasound imaging, dobutamine stress echo-cardiography seems to be a suitable non-invasive method for detecting cardiac allograft vasculopathy.