Effective tumor vaccines generated by in vitro modification of tumor cells with cytokines and bispecific monoclonal antibodies

Antitumor immune responses are mediated primarily by T cells 1 . Downregulation of the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) and the molecules that costimulate the immune response is associated with defective signaling by tumor cells for T-cell activation 2–14 . In vitro treatment with a combination...

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