A case-control study to assess possible triggers and cofactors in chronic fatigue syndrome

To assess possible triggers and cofactors for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and to compare levels of selected cytokines between cases and an appropriately matched control group. We Conducted a casecontrol study of 47 cases of CFS obtained through a regional CFS research program maintained at a tertiary care medical center. One age-, gender-, and neighborhood-matched control was identified for each case through systematic community telephone sampling. Standardized questionnaires were administered to cases and controls. Sera were assayed for transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β), interleukin-1 β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor- α, and antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti. Cases were more likely to have exercised regularly before illness onset than controls (67% versus 40%; matched odds ratio (MOR) = 3.4; 95% Cl = 1.2 to 11.8; P = 0.02). Female cases were more likely to be nulliparous prior to onset of CFS than controls (51% versus 31%; MOR = 8.0; 95% Cl = 1.03 to 170; P = 0.05). History of other major factors, including silicone-gel breast implants (one female case and one female control), pre-morbid history of depression (15% of cases, 11% of controls) and history of allergies (66% of cases, 51% of controls) were similar for cases and controls. However, cases were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression subsequent to their diagnosis of CFS compared to a similar time frame for controls (MOR = undefined; 95% Cl lower bound = 2.5; P < 0.001). Positive antibody titers to B burgdorferi (one case and one control) and B microti (zero cases and two controls) were also similar. Further investigation into the role of prior routine exercise as a cofactor for CFS is warranted. This study supports the concurrence of CFS and depression, although pre-morbid history of depression was similar for both groups.