Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. I. Contrasting effects of electrical stimulation of a medial pontomedullary region and the superior colliculus
R. J. Cowie and D. L. Robinson Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059. 1. These studies were initiated to understand the neural sites and mechanisms controlling head movements during gaze shifts. Gaze shifts are made by saccadic eye movements with and wit...
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| description | R. J. Cowie and D. L. Robinson
Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059.
1. These studies were initiated to understand the neural sites and
mechanisms controlling head movements during gaze shifts. Gaze shifts are
made by saccadic eye movements with and without head movements. Sites were
stimulated electrically within the brain stem of awake, trained monkeys
relatively free to make head movements to study the head-movement
components of gaze shifts. 2. Electrical stimulation in and around the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus evoked head movements in the ipsilateral
direction. Gaze shifts were never evoked from these sites, presumably
because the vestibulo-ocular reflex compensated. The rough topography of
this region included large head movements laterally, small movements
medially, downward movements from dorsal sites, and upward movements more
ventrally. 3. The initial position of the head influenced the magnitude of
the elicited movement with larger movements produced when the head was
directed to the contralateral side. Attentive fixation was associated with
larger and faster head movements when compared with those evoked during
spontaneous behavior. 4. The superior colliculus makes a significant
contribution to gaze shifts and has been shown to contribute to head
movements. Because the colliculus is a major source of afferents to the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus, comparable stimulation studies of the
superior colliculus were conducted. When the colliculus was excited, shifts
of gaze in the contralateral direction were predominant. These were most
often accomplished by saccadic eye movements, however, we frequently
elicited head movements that had an average latency 10 ms longer than those
elicited from the reticular head movement region. Sites evoking head
movements tended to be deeper and more caudal than loci eliciting eye
movements. Neither the onset latencies, amplitudes, nor peak velocities of
head movements and eye movements were correlated. Gaze shifts evoked from
the caudal colliculus with the head free were larger than those elicited
from the same site with the head fixed. 5. These studies demonstrate that
both the superior colliculus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus mediate
head movements. The colliculus plays a role in orienting to external
events, and so collicular head movements predominantly were associated with
gaze shifts, with the eye and head movements uncoupled. The medullary
ret |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2648 |
| format | Article |
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Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059.
1. These studies were initiated to understand the neural sites and
mechanisms controlling head movements during gaze shifts. Gaze shifts are
made by saccadic eye movements with and without head movements. Sites were
stimulated electrically within the brain stem of awake, trained monkeys
relatively free to make head movements to study the head-movement
components of gaze shifts. 2. Electrical stimulation in and around the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus evoked head movements in the ipsilateral
direction. Gaze shifts were never evoked from these sites, presumably
because the vestibulo-ocular reflex compensated. The rough topography of
this region included large head movements laterally, small movements
medially, downward movements from dorsal sites, and upward movements more
ventrally. 3. The initial position of the head influenced the magnitude of
the elicited movement with larger movements produced when the head was
directed to the contralateral side. Attentive fixation was associated with
larger and faster head movements when compared with those evoked during
spontaneous behavior. 4. The superior colliculus makes a significant
contribution to gaze shifts and has been shown to contribute to head
movements. Because the colliculus is a major source of afferents to the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus, comparable stimulation studies of the
superior colliculus were conducted. When the colliculus was excited, shifts
of gaze in the contralateral direction were predominant. These were most
often accomplished by saccadic eye movements, however, we frequently
elicited head movements that had an average latency 10 ms longer than those
elicited from the reticular head movement region. Sites evoking head
movements tended to be deeper and more caudal than loci eliciting eye
movements. Neither the onset latencies, amplitudes, nor peak velocities of
head movements and eye movements were correlated. Gaze shifts evoked from
the caudal colliculus with the head free were larger than those elicited
from the same site with the head fixed. 5. These studies demonstrate that
both the superior colliculus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus mediate
head movements. The colliculus plays a role in orienting to external
events, and so collicular head movements predominantly were associated with
gaze shifts, with the eye and head movements uncoupled. The medullary
reticular system may play a role in the integration of a wider range of
movements. Head movements from the medullary reticular sites probably
participate in several forms of head movements, such as those that are
related to postural reflexes, started volitionally, and/or oriented to
external events.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-3077</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1522-1598</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2648</identifier><identifier>PMID: 7897481</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Am Phys Soc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Conditioning, Operant - physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Eye Movements - physiology ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular - physiology ; Head ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata - physiology ; Movement - physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Pons - physiology ; Reticular Formation - physiology ; Space life sciences ; Superior Colliculi - physiology</subject><ispartof>Journal of neurophysiology, 1994-12, Vol.72 (6), p.2648-2664</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c309t-5e54fdd2204c9e215c370845a32a8784546e16e136689f171bbbf5bc14759b2b3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7897481$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cowie, R. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robinson, D. L</creatorcontrib><title>Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. I. Contrasting effects of electrical stimulation of a medial pontomedullary region and the superior colliculus</title><title>Journal of neurophysiology</title><addtitle>J Neurophysiol</addtitle><description>R. J. Cowie and D. L. Robinson
Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059.
1. These studies were initiated to understand the neural sites and
mechanisms controlling head movements during gaze shifts. Gaze shifts are
made by saccadic eye movements with and without head movements. Sites were
stimulated electrically within the brain stem of awake, trained monkeys
relatively free to make head movements to study the head-movement
components of gaze shifts. 2. Electrical stimulation in and around the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus evoked head movements in the ipsilateral
direction. Gaze shifts were never evoked from these sites, presumably
because the vestibulo-ocular reflex compensated. The rough topography of
this region included large head movements laterally, small movements
medially, downward movements from dorsal sites, and upward movements more
ventrally. 3. The initial position of the head influenced the magnitude of
the elicited movement with larger movements produced when the head was
directed to the contralateral side. Attentive fixation was associated with
larger and faster head movements when compared with those evoked during
spontaneous behavior. 4. The superior colliculus makes a significant
contribution to gaze shifts and has been shown to contribute to head
movements. Because the colliculus is a major source of afferents to the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus, comparable stimulation studies of the
superior colliculus were conducted. When the colliculus was excited, shifts
of gaze in the contralateral direction were predominant. These were most
often accomplished by saccadic eye movements, however, we frequently
elicited head movements that had an average latency 10 ms longer than those
elicited from the reticular head movement region. Sites evoking head
movements tended to be deeper and more caudal than loci eliciting eye
movements. Neither the onset latencies, amplitudes, nor peak velocities of
head movements and eye movements were correlated. Gaze shifts evoked from
the caudal colliculus with the head free were larger than those elicited
from the same site with the head fixed. 5. These studies demonstrate that
both the superior colliculus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus mediate
head movements. The colliculus plays a role in orienting to external
events, and so collicular head movements predominantly were associated with
gaze shifts, with the eye and head movements uncoupled. The medullary
reticular system may play a role in the integration of a wider range of
movements. Head movements from the medullary reticular sites probably
participate in several forms of head movements, such as those that are
related to postural reflexes, started volitionally, and/or oriented to
external events.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Conditioning, Operant - physiology</subject><subject>Electric Stimulation</subject><subject>Eye Movements - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fixation, Ocular - physiology</subject><subject>Head</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medulla Oblongata - physiology</subject><subject>Movement - physiology</subject><subject>Photic Stimulation</subject><subject>Pons - physiology</subject><subject>Reticular Formation - physiology</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Superior Colliculi - physiology</subject><issn>0022-3077</issn><issn>1522-1598</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1994</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpFUdGK1DAUDaKss6sf4IOQJ32amqRN0z7KsLoLCz6ozyFJb6cZ0qQmjTJf5G-aOoNCIId7zj3cew9CbyipKOXsw8lXtO-bSrCqrVjbdM_QrtTZnvK-e452hBRcEyFeotuUToQQwQm7QTei60XT0R36_TVrE-JqjXLYBL9Gq_Nqg094DXgCNeA5_IQZ_Jqw9XhWRv3IkCr8WOHDpldptf6IYRzBFE0YMbiC4l_Hws3Zqc1wYxSeYbClvpTOUHB2TsUzjnDcFMoPeJ0Ap7xAtCGWgZyzJrucXqEXo3IJXl__O_T90_23w8P-6cvnx8PHp72pSb_uOfBmHAbGSGN6YJSbWpCu4apmqhMFNC3Q8uq27fqRCqq1Hrk2tBG810zXd-jdxXeJYdtzlbNNBsqYHkJOUgjRlcuRIqQXoYkhpQijXKKdyzKSErmFI09ebuFIwWQrt3BKz9uredZl-X8d1zQK__7CT_Y4_bIR5DKdkw0uHM-b3X-nPx-knNI</recordid><startdate>199412</startdate><enddate>199412</enddate><creator>Cowie, R. J</creator><creator>Robinson, D. L</creator><general>Am Phys Soc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>199412</creationdate><title>Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. I. Contrasting effects of electrical stimulation of a medial pontomedullary region and the superior colliculus</title><author>Cowie, R. J ; Robinson, D. L</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c309t-5e54fdd2204c9e215c370845a32a8784546e16e136689f171bbbf5bc14759b2b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1994</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Conditioning, Operant - physiology</topic><topic>Electric Stimulation</topic><topic>Eye Movements - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fixation, Ocular - physiology</topic><topic>Head</topic><topic>Macaca mulatta</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medulla Oblongata - physiology</topic><topic>Movement - physiology</topic><topic>Photic Stimulation</topic><topic>Pons - physiology</topic><topic>Reticular Formation - physiology</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Superior Colliculi - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cowie, R. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robinson, D. L</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of neurophysiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cowie, R. J</au><au>Robinson, D. L</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. I. Contrasting effects of electrical stimulation of a medial pontomedullary region and the superior colliculus</atitle><jtitle>Journal of neurophysiology</jtitle><addtitle>J Neurophysiol</addtitle><date>1994-12</date><risdate>1994</risdate><volume>72</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>2648</spage><epage>2664</epage><pages>2648-2664</pages><issn>0022-3077</issn><eissn>1522-1598</eissn><abstract>R. J. Cowie and D. L. Robinson
Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059.
1. These studies were initiated to understand the neural sites and
mechanisms controlling head movements during gaze shifts. Gaze shifts are
made by saccadic eye movements with and without head movements. Sites were
stimulated electrically within the brain stem of awake, trained monkeys
relatively free to make head movements to study the head-movement
components of gaze shifts. 2. Electrical stimulation in and around the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus evoked head movements in the ipsilateral
direction. Gaze shifts were never evoked from these sites, presumably
because the vestibulo-ocular reflex compensated. The rough topography of
this region included large head movements laterally, small movements
medially, downward movements from dorsal sites, and upward movements more
ventrally. 3. The initial position of the head influenced the magnitude of
the elicited movement with larger movements produced when the head was
directed to the contralateral side. Attentive fixation was associated with
larger and faster head movements when compared with those evoked during
spontaneous behavior. 4. The superior colliculus makes a significant
contribution to gaze shifts and has been shown to contribute to head
movements. Because the colliculus is a major source of afferents to the
gigantocellular reticular nucleus, comparable stimulation studies of the
superior colliculus were conducted. When the colliculus was excited, shifts
of gaze in the contralateral direction were predominant. These were most
often accomplished by saccadic eye movements, however, we frequently
elicited head movements that had an average latency 10 ms longer than those
elicited from the reticular head movement region. Sites evoking head
movements tended to be deeper and more caudal than loci eliciting eye
movements. Neither the onset latencies, amplitudes, nor peak velocities of
head movements and eye movements were correlated. Gaze shifts evoked from
the caudal colliculus with the head free were larger than those elicited
from the same site with the head fixed. 5. These studies demonstrate that
both the superior colliculus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus mediate
head movements. The colliculus plays a role in orienting to external
events, and so collicular head movements predominantly were associated with
gaze shifts, with the eye and head movements uncoupled. The medullary
reticular system may play a role in the integration of a wider range of
movements. Head movements from the medullary reticular sites probably
participate in several forms of head movements, such as those that are
related to postural reflexes, started volitionally, and/or oriented to
external events.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Am Phys Soc</pub><pmid>7897481</pmid><doi>10.1152/jn.1994.72.6.2648</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of neurophysiology, 1994-12, Vol.72 (6), p.2648-2664 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Animals Conditioning, Operant - physiology Electric Stimulation Eye Movements - physiology Female Fixation, Ocular - physiology Head Macaca mulatta Male Medulla Oblongata - physiology Movement - physiology Photic Stimulation Pons - physiology Reticular Formation - physiology Space life sciences Superior Colliculi - physiology |
| title | Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. I. Contrasting effects of electrical stimulation of a medial pontomedullary region and the superior colliculus |
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