Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation
Dead space in breathing apparatus may cause increased ventilation and/or CO 2 retention. Interactions between ventilation and dead space were tested in the breathing apparatus of three divers: a full face mask with an oro-nasal cup (AGA), a full face mask without an oro-nasal cup (EXO-26) but design...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Ergonomics 1995-09, Vol.38 (9), p.1745-1758 |
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| creator | WARKANDER, D. E. LUNDGREN, C. E. G. |
| description | Dead space in breathing apparatus may cause increased ventilation and/or CO
2
retention. Interactions between ventilation and dead space were tested in the breathing apparatus of three divers: a full face mask with an oro-nasal cup (AGA), a full face mask without an oro-nasal cup (EXO-26) but designed to minimize dead space, and one mouthpiece. Experiments were performed at three depths; 0, 30 and 45 m seawater (msw). The breathing gas was air except at 30 msw where it was 36 O
2
in N
2
. Five certified SCUBA divers were exercised at three levels (0, 50 and 100 W), Ventilation and gas exchange were measured. The dead space in the AGA mask was not influenced by either depth or exercise (mean 0·201). The mean dead space of the EXO-26 was 0·341, but it increased with exercise (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/00140139508925224 |
| format | Article |
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2
retention. Interactions between ventilation and dead space were tested in the breathing apparatus of three divers: a full face mask with an oro-nasal cup (AGA), a full face mask without an oro-nasal cup (EXO-26) but designed to minimize dead space, and one mouthpiece. Experiments were performed at three depths; 0, 30 and 45 m seawater (msw). The breathing gas was air except at 30 msw where it was 36 O
2
in N
2
. Five certified SCUBA divers were exercised at three levels (0, 50 and 100 W), Ventilation and gas exchange were measured. The dead space in the AGA mask was not influenced by either depth or exercise (mean 0·201). The mean dead space of the EXO-26 was 0·341, but it increased with exercise (p<0·001) and decreased with depth (p<0·03). Since the dead space can vary with ventilation levels it is not sufficient to test breathing apparatus only at rest as is required by the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. The mean ventilation with the EXO-26 was higher than with the AGA by 10% at SOW (p<0·05) and by 12% (p < 0·01) at 100 W. The same comparison for end-tidal CO
2
showed mean increase by 0·30 kPa at the 100-W workload (P < 0·05); changes at other workloads were not statistically significant. Comparisons of the mean inspired PCO
2
to the maximum values considered acceptable by various organizations showed that the mouthpiece was always acceptable, the AGA mask was marginally acceptable or better, while sometimes the EXO-26 was not acceptable.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0014-0139</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1366-5847</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/00140139508925224</identifier><identifier>PMID: 7671854</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ERGOAX</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Taylor & Francis Group</publisher><subject>Adult ; Applied physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carbon Dioxide - analysis ; Diving ; Diving - physiology ; Dyspnoea ; Equipment Design ; Ergonomics ; Human engineering ; Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology ; Humans ; Male ; Masks ; Medical sciences ; Pressure ; Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Respirators ; Respiratory dead space ; Respiratory protective devices ; Respiratory system ; Scuba & skin diving ; Space life sciences ; Sporting goods ; Tidal Volume ; Transports. Aerospace. Diving. Altitude</subject><ispartof>Ergonomics, 1995-09, Vol.38 (9), p.1745-1758</ispartof><rights>Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1995</rights><rights>1995 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Taylor & Francis Group Sep 1995</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f6a38617e682f9031393c42e6d5481c5c0d3ecaebbdf1e1b7540538f02c33f663</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f6a38617e682f9031393c42e6d5481c5c0d3ecaebbdf1e1b7540538f02c33f663</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00140139508925224$$EPDF$$P50$$Ginformaworld$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139508925224$$EHTML$$P50$$Ginformaworld$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27869,27924,27925,59647,60436</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3666029$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671854$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>WARKANDER, D. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LUNDGREN, C. E. G.</creatorcontrib><title>Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation</title><title>Ergonomics</title><addtitle>Ergonomics</addtitle><description>Dead space in breathing apparatus may cause increased ventilation and/or CO
2
retention. Interactions between ventilation and dead space were tested in the breathing apparatus of three divers: a full face mask with an oro-nasal cup (AGA), a full face mask without an oro-nasal cup (EXO-26) but designed to minimize dead space, and one mouthpiece. Experiments were performed at three depths; 0, 30 and 45 m seawater (msw). The breathing gas was air except at 30 msw where it was 36 O
2
in N
2
. Five certified SCUBA divers were exercised at three levels (0, 50 and 100 W), Ventilation and gas exchange were measured. The dead space in the AGA mask was not influenced by either depth or exercise (mean 0·201). The mean dead space of the EXO-26 was 0·341, but it increased with exercise (p<0·001) and decreased with depth (p<0·03). Since the dead space can vary with ventilation levels it is not sufficient to test breathing apparatus only at rest as is required by the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. The mean ventilation with the EXO-26 was higher than with the AGA by 10% at SOW (p<0·05) and by 12% (p < 0·01) at 100 W. The same comparison for end-tidal CO
2
showed mean increase by 0·30 kPa at the 100-W workload (P < 0·05); changes at other workloads were not statistically significant. Comparisons of the mean inspired PCO
2
to the maximum values considered acceptable by various organizations showed that the mouthpiece was always acceptable, the AGA mask was marginally acceptable or better, while sometimes the EXO-26 was not acceptable.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Applied physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carbon Dioxide - analysis</subject><subject>Diving</subject><subject>Diving - physiology</subject><subject>Dyspnoea</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Ergonomics</subject><subject>Human engineering</subject><subject>Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Masks</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Pressure</subject><subject>Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Respirators</subject><subject>Respiratory dead space</subject><subject>Respiratory protective devices</subject><subject>Respiratory system</subject><subject>Scuba & skin diving</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Sporting goods</subject><subject>Tidal Volume</subject><subject>Transports. Aerospace. Diving. Altitude</subject><issn>0014-0139</issn><issn>1366-5847</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1995</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>K30</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc1u1DAUha0KVIbCA3SBFFHELuD_OGo31ZQWpEpsYB3dONeMq0wSbKdV374OM3TRqivLPt89Oj6XkGNGvzBq6FdKmaRM1IqamivO5QFZMaF1qYysXpHVopcL8Ia8jfEmXwWr-SE5rHTFjJIrsr5A6Io4gcXCD0XaYNEGhLTxw58CpgkCpDmeZi1hAJv8OBR3Pm2KWxyS72F5eEdeO-gjvt-fR-T35bdf6-_l9c-rH-vz69JKIVLpNAijWYXacFdTkWMJKznqTknDrLK0E2gB27ZzDFlbKUmVMI5yK4TTWhyRzzvfKYx_Z4yp2fpose9hwHGOTVUpmkuoM_jxCXgzzmHI2Rq-NKU14xk6eQligmZAMrNYsR1lwxhjQNdMwW8h3DeMNssOmmc7yDMf9s5zu8XucWJfetY_7XWIFnoXYLA-PmJ5f5r--8XZDvODG8MW7sbQd02C-34M_2fEyykeAC-TniE</recordid><startdate>19950901</startdate><enddate>19950901</enddate><creator>WARKANDER, D. E.</creator><creator>LUNDGREN, C. E. 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Human ecophysiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Masks</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Pressure</topic><topic>Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Respirators</topic><topic>Respiratory dead space</topic><topic>Respiratory protective devices</topic><topic>Respiratory system</topic><topic>Scuba & skin diving</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Sporting goods</topic><topic>Tidal Volume</topic><topic>Transports. Aerospace. Diving. Altitude</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>WARKANDER, D. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>LUNDGREN, C. E. 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E.</au><au>LUNDGREN, C. E. G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation</atitle><jtitle>Ergonomics</jtitle><addtitle>Ergonomics</addtitle><date>1995-09-01</date><risdate>1995</risdate><volume>38</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>1745</spage><epage>1758</epage><pages>1745-1758</pages><issn>0014-0139</issn><eissn>1366-5847</eissn><coden>ERGOAX</coden><abstract>Dead space in breathing apparatus may cause increased ventilation and/or CO
2
retention. Interactions between ventilation and dead space were tested in the breathing apparatus of three divers: a full face mask with an oro-nasal cup (AGA), a full face mask without an oro-nasal cup (EXO-26) but designed to minimize dead space, and one mouthpiece. Experiments were performed at three depths; 0, 30 and 45 m seawater (msw). The breathing gas was air except at 30 msw where it was 36 O
2
in N
2
. Five certified SCUBA divers were exercised at three levels (0, 50 and 100 W), Ventilation and gas exchange were measured. The dead space in the AGA mask was not influenced by either depth or exercise (mean 0·201). The mean dead space of the EXO-26 was 0·341, but it increased with exercise (p<0·001) and decreased with depth (p<0·03). Since the dead space can vary with ventilation levels it is not sufficient to test breathing apparatus only at rest as is required by the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. The mean ventilation with the EXO-26 was higher than with the AGA by 10% at SOW (p<0·05) and by 12% (p < 0·01) at 100 W. The same comparison for end-tidal CO
2
showed mean increase by 0·30 kPa at the 100-W workload (P < 0·05); changes at other workloads were not statistically significant. Comparisons of the mean inspired PCO
2
to the maximum values considered acceptable by various organizations showed that the mouthpiece was always acceptable, the AGA mask was marginally acceptable or better, while sometimes the EXO-26 was not acceptable.</abstract><cop>London</cop><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>Taylor & Francis Group</pub><pmid>7671854</pmid><doi>10.1080/00140139508925224</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Ergonomics, 1995-09, Vol.38 (9), p.1745-1758 |
| issn | 0014-0139 1366-5847 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Periodicals Index Online; Taylor & Francis Journals Complete |
| subjects | Adult Applied physiology Biological and medical sciences Carbon Dioxide - analysis Diving Diving - physiology Dyspnoea Equipment Design Ergonomics Human engineering Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology Humans Male Masks Medical sciences Pressure Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology Regression Analysis Respirators Respiratory dead space Respiratory protective devices Respiratory system Scuba & skin diving Space life sciences Sporting goods Tidal Volume Transports. Aerospace. Diving. Altitude |
| title | Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation |
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