Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Eight classes of chemosensory neurons in C. elegans fill with fluorescein when living animals are placed in a dye solution. Fluorescein enters the neurons through their exposed sensory cilia. Mutations in 14 genes prevent dye uptake and disrupt chemosensory behaviors. Each of these genes affects the...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Developmental biology 1986-10, Vol.117 (2), p.456-487
Hauptverfasser: Perkins, Lizabeth A., Hedgecock, Edward M., Thomson, J.Nichol, Culotti, Joseph G.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 487
container_issue 2
container_start_page 456
container_title Developmental biology
container_volume 117
creator Perkins, Lizabeth A.
Hedgecock, Edward M.
Thomson, J.Nichol
Culotti, Joseph G.
description Eight classes of chemosensory neurons in C. elegans fill with fluorescein when living animals are placed in a dye solution. Fluorescein enters the neurons through their exposed sensory cilia. Mutations in 14 genes prevent dye uptake and disrupt chemosensory behaviors. Each of these genes affects the ultrastructure of the chemosensory cilia or their accessory cells. In each case, the cilia are shorter or less exposed than normal, suggesting that dye contact is the principal factor under selection. Ten genes affect many or all of the sensory cilia in the head. The daf-19 (m86) mutation eliminates all cilia, leaving only occasional centrioles in the dendrites. The cilia in che-13 (e1805), osm-1 (p808), osm-5 (p813), and osm-6 (p811) mutants have normal transition zones and severely shortened axonemes. Doublet-microtubules, attached to the membrane by Y links, assemble ectopically proximal to the cilia in these mutants. The amphid cilia in che-11 (e1810) are irregular in diameter and contain dark ground material in the middle of the axonemes. Certain mechanocilia are also affected. The amphid cilia in che-10 (e1809) apparently degenerate, leaving dendrites with bulb-shaped endings filled with dark ground material. The mechanocilia lack striated rootlets. Cilia defects have also been found in che-2, che-3, and daf-10 mutants. The osm-3 (p802) mutation specifically eliminates the distal segment of the amphid cilia. Mutations in three genes affect sensillar support cells. The che-12 (e1812) mutation eliminates matrix material normally secreted by the amphid sheath cell. The che-14 (e1960) mutation disrupts the joining of the amphid sheath and socket cells to form the receptor channel. A similar defect has been observed in daf-6 mutants. Four additional genes affect specific classes of ciliated sensory neurons. The mec-1 and mec-8 (e398) mutations disrupt the fasciculation of the amphid cilia. The cat-6 (e1861) mutation disrupts the tubular bodies of the CEP mechanocilia. A cryophilic thermotaxis mutant, ttx-1 (p767), lacks fingers on the AFD dendrite, suggesting this neuron is thermosensory.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90314-3
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_77057326</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>0012160686903143</els_id><sourcerecordid>77057326</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c471t-a011d54e37eac39e4acbbdeaa2b02e019fca3fa1b9d20463e5998ba3f884640b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1LxDAQhoMoun78AVHoQUQP1UmTpimCIItfoHhQwVuYplONdNM16Qr-e7vuskdPA_M-7zA8jB1wOOPA1TkAz1KuQJ1odVqC4DIVa2zEoczTXMm3dTZaIVtsO8ZPABBai022mclMK52N2MXjrEffJ5F87MJPYl3rMHE-6T8o8TTBvqspGSP5LnxgVbvexYRaekcfd9lGg22kveXcYa831y_ju_Th6fZ-fPWQWlnwPkXgvM4liYLQipIk2qqqCTGrICPgZWNRNMirss5AKkF5WepqWGktlYRK7LDjxd1p6L5mFHszcdFS26KnbhZNUUBeiEwNoFyANnQxBmrMNLgJhh_DwcydmbkQMxditDJ_zowYaofL-7NqQvWqtJQ05EfLHKPFtgnorYsrTIOUAHNsf4E12Bl8DwPy-qwLrnKRD-HlIqRB1LejYKJ15C3VLpDtTd25_5_8BTxxj6Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>77057326</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete</source><creator>Perkins, Lizabeth A. ; Hedgecock, Edward M. ; Thomson, J.Nichol ; Culotti, Joseph G.</creator><creatorcontrib>Perkins, Lizabeth A. ; Hedgecock, Edward M. ; Thomson, J.Nichol ; Culotti, Joseph G.</creatorcontrib><description>Eight classes of chemosensory neurons in C. elegans fill with fluorescein when living animals are placed in a dye solution. Fluorescein enters the neurons through their exposed sensory cilia. Mutations in 14 genes prevent dye uptake and disrupt chemosensory behaviors. Each of these genes affects the ultrastructure of the chemosensory cilia or their accessory cells. In each case, the cilia are shorter or less exposed than normal, suggesting that dye contact is the principal factor under selection. Ten genes affect many or all of the sensory cilia in the head. The daf-19 (m86) mutation eliminates all cilia, leaving only occasional centrioles in the dendrites. The cilia in che-13 (e1805), osm-1 (p808), osm-5 (p813), and osm-6 (p811) mutants have normal transition zones and severely shortened axonemes. Doublet-microtubules, attached to the membrane by Y links, assemble ectopically proximal to the cilia in these mutants. The amphid cilia in che-11 (e1810) are irregular in diameter and contain dark ground material in the middle of the axonemes. Certain mechanocilia are also affected. The amphid cilia in che-10 (e1809) apparently degenerate, leaving dendrites with bulb-shaped endings filled with dark ground material. The mechanocilia lack striated rootlets. Cilia defects have also been found in che-2, che-3, and daf-10 mutants. The osm-3 (p802) mutation specifically eliminates the distal segment of the amphid cilia. Mutations in three genes affect sensillar support cells. The che-12 (e1812) mutation eliminates matrix material normally secreted by the amphid sheath cell. The che-14 (e1960) mutation disrupts the joining of the amphid sheath and socket cells to form the receptor channel. A similar defect has been observed in daf-6 mutants. Four additional genes affect specific classes of ciliated sensory neurons. The mec-1 and mec-8 (e398) mutations disrupt the fasciculation of the amphid cilia. The cat-6 (e1861) mutation disrupts the tubular bodies of the CEP mechanocilia. A cryophilic thermotaxis mutant, ttx-1 (p767), lacks fingers on the AFD dendrite, suggesting this neuron is thermosensory.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-1606</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1095-564X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90314-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 2428682</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DEBIAO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>ANALISIS ; ANALYSE ; ANALYSIS ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal - physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Caenorhabditis - anatomy &amp; histology ; Caenorhabditis - genetics ; Caenorhabditis - physiology ; Chemoreceptor Cells - physiology ; Chemoreceptor Cells - ultrastructure ; Cilia - physiology ; Cilia - ultrastructure ; Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids ; CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Fluoresceins - metabolism ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; GENETICA ; GENETICS ; Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution ; GENETIQUE ; Invertebrata ; Ion Channels - physiology ; Mechanoreceptors - physiology ; Mechanoreceptors - ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; MOUVEMENT ; MOVEMENT ; MOVIMIENTO ; MUTACION ; MUTATION ; NEMATODE ; NEMATODES ; NEMATODOS ; ORGANITE CELLULAIRE ; ORGANULOS CITOPLASMATICOS ; Sensory Receptor Cells - physiology ; Sensory Receptor Cells - ultrastructure ; Sexual Behavior, Animal - physiology ; Space life sciences ; Thiocyanates - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Developmental biology, 1986-10, Vol.117 (2), p.456-487</ispartof><rights>1986</rights><rights>1987 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c471t-a011d54e37eac39e4acbbdeaa2b02e019fca3fa1b9d20463e5998ba3f884640b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c471t-a011d54e37eac39e4acbbdeaa2b02e019fca3fa1b9d20463e5998ba3f884640b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012160686903143$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=8044002$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2428682$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Perkins, Lizabeth A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hedgecock, Edward M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomson, J.Nichol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Culotti, Joseph G.</creatorcontrib><title>Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans</title><title>Developmental biology</title><addtitle>Dev Biol</addtitle><description>Eight classes of chemosensory neurons in C. elegans fill with fluorescein when living animals are placed in a dye solution. Fluorescein enters the neurons through their exposed sensory cilia. Mutations in 14 genes prevent dye uptake and disrupt chemosensory behaviors. Each of these genes affects the ultrastructure of the chemosensory cilia or their accessory cells. In each case, the cilia are shorter or less exposed than normal, suggesting that dye contact is the principal factor under selection. Ten genes affect many or all of the sensory cilia in the head. The daf-19 (m86) mutation eliminates all cilia, leaving only occasional centrioles in the dendrites. The cilia in che-13 (e1805), osm-1 (p808), osm-5 (p813), and osm-6 (p811) mutants have normal transition zones and severely shortened axonemes. Doublet-microtubules, attached to the membrane by Y links, assemble ectopically proximal to the cilia in these mutants. The amphid cilia in che-11 (e1810) are irregular in diameter and contain dark ground material in the middle of the axonemes. Certain mechanocilia are also affected. The amphid cilia in che-10 (e1809) apparently degenerate, leaving dendrites with bulb-shaped endings filled with dark ground material. The mechanocilia lack striated rootlets. Cilia defects have also been found in che-2, che-3, and daf-10 mutants. The osm-3 (p802) mutation specifically eliminates the distal segment of the amphid cilia. Mutations in three genes affect sensillar support cells. The che-12 (e1812) mutation eliminates matrix material normally secreted by the amphid sheath cell. The che-14 (e1960) mutation disrupts the joining of the amphid sheath and socket cells to form the receptor channel. A similar defect has been observed in daf-6 mutants. Four additional genes affect specific classes of ciliated sensory neurons. The mec-1 and mec-8 (e398) mutations disrupt the fasciculation of the amphid cilia. The cat-6 (e1861) mutation disrupts the tubular bodies of the CEP mechanocilia. A cryophilic thermotaxis mutant, ttx-1 (p767), lacks fingers on the AFD dendrite, suggesting this neuron is thermosensory.</description><subject>ANALISIS</subject><subject>ANALYSE</subject><subject>ANALYSIS</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Temperature Regulation</subject><subject>Caenorhabditis - anatomy &amp; histology</subject><subject>Caenorhabditis - genetics</subject><subject>Caenorhabditis - physiology</subject><subject>Chemoreceptor Cells - physiology</subject><subject>Chemoreceptor Cells - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Cilia - physiology</subject><subject>Cilia - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids</subject><subject>CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES</subject><subject>Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate</subject><subject>Fluoresceins - metabolism</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>GENETICA</subject><subject>GENETICS</subject><subject>Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution</subject><subject>GENETIQUE</subject><subject>Invertebrata</subject><subject>Ion Channels - physiology</subject><subject>Mechanoreceptors - physiology</subject><subject>Mechanoreceptors - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Microscopy, Electron</subject><subject>MOUVEMENT</subject><subject>MOVEMENT</subject><subject>MOVIMIENTO</subject><subject>MUTACION</subject><subject>MUTATION</subject><subject>NEMATODE</subject><subject>NEMATODES</subject><subject>NEMATODOS</subject><subject>ORGANITE CELLULAIRE</subject><subject>ORGANULOS CITOPLASMATICOS</subject><subject>Sensory Receptor Cells - physiology</subject><subject>Sensory Receptor Cells - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Thiocyanates - metabolism</subject><issn>0012-1606</issn><issn>1095-564X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1986</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1LxDAQhoMoun78AVHoQUQP1UmTpimCIItfoHhQwVuYplONdNM16Qr-e7vuskdPA_M-7zA8jB1wOOPA1TkAz1KuQJ1odVqC4DIVa2zEoczTXMm3dTZaIVtsO8ZPABBai022mclMK52N2MXjrEffJ5F87MJPYl3rMHE-6T8o8TTBvqspGSP5LnxgVbvexYRaekcfd9lGg22kveXcYa831y_ju_Th6fZ-fPWQWlnwPkXgvM4liYLQipIk2qqqCTGrICPgZWNRNMirss5AKkF5WepqWGktlYRK7LDjxd1p6L5mFHszcdFS26KnbhZNUUBeiEwNoFyANnQxBmrMNLgJhh_DwcydmbkQMxditDJ_zowYaofL-7NqQvWqtJQ05EfLHKPFtgnorYsrTIOUAHNsf4E12Bl8DwPy-qwLrnKRD-HlIqRB1LejYKJ15C3VLpDtTd25_5_8BTxxj6Q</recordid><startdate>19861001</startdate><enddate>19861001</enddate><creator>Perkins, Lizabeth A.</creator><creator>Hedgecock, Edward M.</creator><creator>Thomson, J.Nichol</creator><creator>Culotti, Joseph G.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19861001</creationdate><title>Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans</title><author>Perkins, Lizabeth A. ; Hedgecock, Edward M. ; Thomson, J.Nichol ; Culotti, Joseph G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c471t-a011d54e37eac39e4acbbdeaa2b02e019fca3fa1b9d20463e5998ba3f884640b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1986</creationdate><topic>ANALISIS</topic><topic>ANALYSE</topic><topic>ANALYSIS</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Behavior, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Body Temperature Regulation</topic><topic>Caenorhabditis - anatomy &amp; histology</topic><topic>Caenorhabditis - genetics</topic><topic>Caenorhabditis - physiology</topic><topic>Chemoreceptor Cells - physiology</topic><topic>Chemoreceptor Cells - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Cilia - physiology</topic><topic>Cilia - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids</topic><topic>CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES</topic><topic>Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate</topic><topic>Fluoresceins - metabolism</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>GENETICA</topic><topic>GENETICS</topic><topic>Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution</topic><topic>GENETIQUE</topic><topic>Invertebrata</topic><topic>Ion Channels - physiology</topic><topic>Mechanoreceptors - physiology</topic><topic>Mechanoreceptors - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Microscopy, Electron</topic><topic>MOUVEMENT</topic><topic>MOVEMENT</topic><topic>MOVIMIENTO</topic><topic>MUTACION</topic><topic>MUTATION</topic><topic>NEMATODE</topic><topic>NEMATODES</topic><topic>NEMATODOS</topic><topic>ORGANITE CELLULAIRE</topic><topic>ORGANULOS CITOPLASMATICOS</topic><topic>Sensory Receptor Cells - physiology</topic><topic>Sensory Receptor Cells - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior, Animal - physiology</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Thiocyanates - metabolism</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Perkins, Lizabeth A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hedgecock, Edward M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomson, J.Nichol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Culotti, Joseph G.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Developmental biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Perkins, Lizabeth A.</au><au>Hedgecock, Edward M.</au><au>Thomson, J.Nichol</au><au>Culotti, Joseph G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans</atitle><jtitle>Developmental biology</jtitle><addtitle>Dev Biol</addtitle><date>1986-10-01</date><risdate>1986</risdate><volume>117</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>456</spage><epage>487</epage><pages>456-487</pages><issn>0012-1606</issn><eissn>1095-564X</eissn><coden>DEBIAO</coden><abstract>Eight classes of chemosensory neurons in C. elegans fill with fluorescein when living animals are placed in a dye solution. Fluorescein enters the neurons through their exposed sensory cilia. Mutations in 14 genes prevent dye uptake and disrupt chemosensory behaviors. Each of these genes affects the ultrastructure of the chemosensory cilia or their accessory cells. In each case, the cilia are shorter or less exposed than normal, suggesting that dye contact is the principal factor under selection. Ten genes affect many or all of the sensory cilia in the head. The daf-19 (m86) mutation eliminates all cilia, leaving only occasional centrioles in the dendrites. The cilia in che-13 (e1805), osm-1 (p808), osm-5 (p813), and osm-6 (p811) mutants have normal transition zones and severely shortened axonemes. Doublet-microtubules, attached to the membrane by Y links, assemble ectopically proximal to the cilia in these mutants. The amphid cilia in che-11 (e1810) are irregular in diameter and contain dark ground material in the middle of the axonemes. Certain mechanocilia are also affected. The amphid cilia in che-10 (e1809) apparently degenerate, leaving dendrites with bulb-shaped endings filled with dark ground material. The mechanocilia lack striated rootlets. Cilia defects have also been found in che-2, che-3, and daf-10 mutants. The osm-3 (p802) mutation specifically eliminates the distal segment of the amphid cilia. Mutations in three genes affect sensillar support cells. The che-12 (e1812) mutation eliminates matrix material normally secreted by the amphid sheath cell. The che-14 (e1960) mutation disrupts the joining of the amphid sheath and socket cells to form the receptor channel. A similar defect has been observed in daf-6 mutants. Four additional genes affect specific classes of ciliated sensory neurons. The mec-1 and mec-8 (e398) mutations disrupt the fasciculation of the amphid cilia. The cat-6 (e1861) mutation disrupts the tubular bodies of the CEP mechanocilia. A cryophilic thermotaxis mutant, ttx-1 (p767), lacks fingers on the AFD dendrite, suggesting this neuron is thermosensory.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>2428682</pmid><doi>10.1016/0012-1606(86)90314-3</doi><tpages>32</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0012-1606
ispartof Developmental biology, 1986-10, Vol.117 (2), p.456-487
issn 0012-1606
1095-564X
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_77057326
source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete
subjects ANALISIS
ANALYSE
ANALYSIS
Animals
Behavior, Animal - physiology
Biological and medical sciences
Body Temperature Regulation
Caenorhabditis - anatomy & histology
Caenorhabditis - genetics
Caenorhabditis - physiology
Chemoreceptor Cells - physiology
Chemoreceptor Cells - ultrastructure
Cilia - physiology
Cilia - ultrastructure
Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluoresceins - metabolism
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
GENETICA
GENETICS
Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution
GENETIQUE
Invertebrata
Ion Channels - physiology
Mechanoreceptors - physiology
Mechanoreceptors - ultrastructure
Microscopy, Electron
MOUVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MOVIMIENTO
MUTACION
MUTATION
NEMATODE
NEMATODES
NEMATODOS
ORGANITE CELLULAIRE
ORGANULOS CITOPLASMATICOS
Sensory Receptor Cells - physiology
Sensory Receptor Cells - ultrastructure
Sexual Behavior, Animal - physiology
Space life sciences
Thiocyanates - metabolism
title Mutant sensory cilia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-13T15%3A37%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mutant%20sensory%20cilia%20in%20the%20nematode%20Caenorhabditis%20elegans&rft.jtitle=Developmental%20biology&rft.au=Perkins,%20Lizabeth%20A.&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=456&rft.epage=487&rft.pages=456-487&rft.issn=0012-1606&rft.eissn=1095-564X&rft.coden=DEBIAO&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0012-1606(86)90314-3&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E77057326%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=77057326&rft_id=info:pmid/2428682&rft_els_id=0012160686903143&rfr_iscdi=true