Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a face experiment
Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O sub(3) sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O sub(3) tolerant] and 259 [O sub(3) sensitive]) have been characterized for O sub(3) sensitivity by growth and biomass...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water, air and soil pollution air and soil pollution, 1999-11, Vol.116 (1/2), p.311-322 |
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| creator | Karnosky, D.F Mankovska, B Percy, K Dickson, R.E Podila, G.K Sober, J Noormets, A Hendrey, G Coleman, M.D Kubiske, M |
| description | Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O sub(3) sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O sub(3) tolerant] and 259 [O sub(3) sensitive]) have been characterized for O sub(3) sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O sub(3) under field conditions along a natural O sub(3) gradient and in a Free-Air CO sub(2) and O sub(3) Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO sub(2) affected O sub(3) symptom development. Visible O sub(3) symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O sub(3) gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O sub(3) sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO sub(2) (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O sub(3) versus elevated O sub(3) + CO sub(2) treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O sub(3) gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO sub(2), elevated O sub(3), and elevated CO sub(2) + O sub(3). Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O sub(3) levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO sub(2) in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1023/A:1005276824459 |
| format | Article |
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Three clones (216 and 271[(O sub(3) tolerant] and 259 [O sub(3) sensitive]) have been characterized for O sub(3) sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O sub(3) under field conditions along a natural O sub(3) gradient and in a Free-Air CO sub(2) and O sub(3) Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO sub(2) affected O sub(3) symptom development. Visible O sub(3) symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O sub(3) gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O sub(3) sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO sub(2) (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O sub(3) versus elevated O sub(3) + CO sub(2) treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O sub(3) gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO sub(2), elevated O sub(3), and elevated CO sub(2) + O sub(3). Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O sub(3) levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO sub(2) in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0049-6979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2932</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1023/A:1005276824459</identifier><identifier>CODEN: WAPLAC</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer</publisher><subject>abiotic stress ; air pollution ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Applied ecology ; Atmospheric pollution ; Biological and medical sciences ; biomass ; Carbon dioxide ; carbon dioxide enrichment ; chlorophyll ; clones ; Degradation ; Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution ; Effects ; Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on plants and fungi ; Environmental monitoring ; Epicuticular wax ; epicuticular waxes ; Forests ; free-air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment facility ; fumigation ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gas exchange ; gradients ; Growing season ; growth ; growth chambers ; leaves ; Non agrochemicals pollutants ; Occlusion ; ozone ; Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection ; phytotoxicity ; plant cuticle ; Pollution effects and side effects of agrochemicals on crop plants and forest trees. Other anthropogenic factors ; Pollution effects. Side effects of agrochemicals ; Populus tremuloides ; Side effects ; Statistical analysis ; Stomata ; Studies ; symptoms ; Troposphere ; waxes</subject><ispartof>Water, air and soil pollution, 1999-11, Vol.116 (1/2), p.311-322</ispartof><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Kluwer Academic Publishers 1999</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>309,310,314,776,780,785,786,23909,23910,25118,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1307846$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Karnosky, D.F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mankovska, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Percy, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dickson, R.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Podila, G.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sober, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noormets, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hendrey, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coleman, M.D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubiske, M</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a face experiment</title><title>Water, air and soil pollution</title><description>Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O sub(3) sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O sub(3) tolerant] and 259 [O sub(3) sensitive]) have been characterized for O sub(3) sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O sub(3) under field conditions along a natural O sub(3) gradient and in a Free-Air CO sub(2) and O sub(3) Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO sub(2) affected O sub(3) symptom development. Visible O sub(3) symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O sub(3) gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O sub(3) sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO sub(2) (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O sub(3) versus elevated O sub(3) + CO sub(2) treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O sub(3) gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO sub(2), elevated O sub(3), and elevated CO sub(2) + O sub(3). Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O sub(3) levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO sub(2) in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown.</description><subject>abiotic stress</subject><subject>air pollution</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Applied ecology</subject><subject>Atmospheric pollution</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>biomass</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>carbon dioxide enrichment</subject><subject>chlorophyll</subject><subject>clones</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</subject><subject>Effects</subject><subject>Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on plants and fungi</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Epicuticular wax</subject><subject>epicuticular waxes</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>free-air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment facility</subject><subject>fumigation</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gas exchange</subject><subject>gradients</subject><subject>Growing season</subject><subject>growth</subject><subject>growth chambers</subject><subject>leaves</subject><subject>Non agrochemicals pollutants</subject><subject>Occlusion</subject><subject>ozone</subject><subject>Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection</subject><subject>phytotoxicity</subject><subject>plant cuticle</subject><subject>Pollution effects and side effects of agrochemicals on crop plants and forest trees. Other anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Pollution effects. Side effects of agrochemicals</subject><subject>Populus tremuloides</subject><subject>Side effects</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Stomata</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>symptoms</subject><subject>Troposphere</subject><subject>waxes</subject><issn>0049-6979</issn><issn>1573-2932</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9j0trGzEQgEVJoY7bc48VITSnbfVYvXwzJo-CwYfW52VWK9lr1tJGWtPm31dJfMohc5iBmW8-ZhD6SskPShj_uVxQQgRTUrO6FuYDmlGheMUMZxdoRkhtKmmU-YQucz6QEkarGXq69d7ZKePo8ZTiGPO4d6m3eMNxDKXlju3Qhx2GPLqAIXS4D5NLYKe-zP_20x6vNmyBk8unoXh8iseClf1ql6DrXZhetgB7sA67f2PRH0v3M_roYcjuy7nO0fbu9s_qoVpv7n-tluvKMyOnyllJJW1ZV0NNWkt9q59PNwqASwHOtLWXtqsl6TjRknFPBNGdYZQ4rpjic3Tz6h1TfDy5PDXHPls3DBBcPOVGCcOpEVIX8vu7JFVcCyaflVdvwEM8pVC-KDbCldElz9H1GYJsYfAJgu1zM5bvIT01lBOla1mwb6-Yh9jALhVk-5uRMmZGUCUF_w9BR46S</recordid><startdate>19991101</startdate><enddate>19991101</enddate><creator>Karnosky, D.F</creator><creator>Mankovska, B</creator><creator>Percy, K</creator><creator>Dickson, R.E</creator><creator>Podila, G.K</creator><creator>Sober, J</creator><creator>Noormets, A</creator><creator>Hendrey, G</creator><creator>Coleman, M.D</creator><creator>Kubiske, M</creator><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19991101</creationdate><title>Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a face experiment</title><author>Karnosky, D.F ; Mankovska, B ; Percy, K ; Dickson, R.E ; Podila, G.K ; Sober, J ; Noormets, A ; Hendrey, G ; Coleman, M.D ; Kubiske, M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-f296t-ec6161b2d4a40bc1fb8009897aa365ae9b4f6cd460d308623f0508d9210e37273</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>abiotic stress</topic><topic>air pollution</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Applied ecology</topic><topic>Atmospheric pollution</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>biomass</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>carbon dioxide enrichment</topic><topic>chlorophyll</topic><topic>clones</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution</topic><topic>Effects</topic><topic>Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on plants and fungi</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Epicuticular wax</topic><topic>epicuticular waxes</topic><topic>Forests</topic><topic>free-air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment facility</topic><topic>fumigation</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gas exchange</topic><topic>gradients</topic><topic>Growing season</topic><topic>growth</topic><topic>growth chambers</topic><topic>leaves</topic><topic>Non agrochemicals pollutants</topic><topic>Occlusion</topic><topic>ozone</topic><topic>Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection</topic><topic>phytotoxicity</topic><topic>plant cuticle</topic><topic>Pollution effects and side effects of agrochemicals on crop plants and forest trees. Other anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Pollution effects. Side effects of agrochemicals</topic><topic>Populus tremuloides</topic><topic>Side effects</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Stomata</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>symptoms</topic><topic>Troposphere</topic><topic>waxes</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Karnosky, D.F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mankovska, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Percy, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dickson, R.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Podila, G.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sober, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noormets, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hendrey, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coleman, M.D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kubiske, M</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Water, air and soil pollution</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Karnosky, D.F</au><au>Mankovska, B</au><au>Percy, K</au><au>Dickson, R.E</au><au>Podila, G.K</au><au>Sober, J</au><au>Noormets, A</au><au>Hendrey, G</au><au>Coleman, M.D</au><au>Kubiske, M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a face experiment</atitle><jtitle>Water, air and soil pollution</jtitle><date>1999-11-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>116</volume><issue>1/2</issue><spage>311</spage><epage>322</epage><pages>311-322</pages><issn>0049-6979</issn><eissn>1573-2932</eissn><coden>WAPLAC</coden><abstract>Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O sub(3) sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O sub(3) tolerant] and 259 [O sub(3) sensitive]) have been characterized for O sub(3) sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O sub(3) under field conditions along a natural O sub(3) gradient and in a Free-Air CO sub(2) and O sub(3) Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO sub(2) affected O sub(3) symptom development. Visible O sub(3) symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O sub(3) gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O sub(3) sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO sub(2) (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O sub(3) versus elevated O sub(3) + CO sub(2) treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O sub(3) gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO sub(2), elevated O sub(3), and elevated CO sub(2) + O sub(3). Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O sub(3) levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO sub(2) in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer</pub><doi>10.1023/A:1005276824459</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0049-6979 |
| ispartof | Water, air and soil pollution, 1999-11, Vol.116 (1/2), p.311-322 |
| issn | 0049-6979 1573-2932 |
| language | eng |
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| subjects | abiotic stress air pollution Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Atmospheric pollution Biological and medical sciences biomass Carbon dioxide carbon dioxide enrichment chlorophyll clones Degradation Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Effects Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on plants and fungi Environmental monitoring Epicuticular wax epicuticular waxes Forests free-air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment facility fumigation Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gas exchange gradients Growing season growth growth chambers leaves Non agrochemicals pollutants Occlusion ozone Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection phytotoxicity plant cuticle Pollution effects and side effects of agrochemicals on crop plants and forest trees. Other anthropogenic factors Pollution effects. Side effects of agrochemicals Populus tremuloides Side effects Statistical analysis Stomata Studies symptoms Troposphere waxes |
| title | Effects of tropospheric O3 on trembling aspen and interaction with CO2: results from an O3-gradient and a face experiment |
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