Cofactor Determination and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Selenium-Dependent Purine Hydroxylase from Clostridium purinolyticum

Purine hydroxylase (PH) from Clostridium purinolyticum contains a labile selenium cofactor and belongs to a class of enzymes known as the selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases. The presence of approximately 1.1 mol of molybdenum, 0.87 mol of selenium, and 3.3 mol of iron per mol of PH was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Enzyme preparations with lower than stoichiometric amounts of selenium exhibited correspondingly lower hydroxylase activities. Bound FAD, 1 mol per mol enzyme, was confirmed by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. CMP, released by acid hydrolysis, indicated the presence of a molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide cofactor. The fully active PH utilized NADP+ as an electron acceptor, and kinetic analysis revealed an optimal k cat of 412 s-1 using hypoxanthine as the hydroxylase substrate. Xanthine, NAD+, and NADPH had no significant effect on this reaction rate. A selenium-independent NADPH oxidase activity was exhibited by native PH. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of a Mo(V) desulfo signal, FAD radical, and 2Fe-2S centers in hypoxanthine-reduced PH. No hyperfine coupling of selenium, using 77Se isotope-enriched PH, was observed in any of the EPR active signals studied. The appearance of the desulfo signal suggests that the ligands of Mo in selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases are different from the well-studied mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases (XOR) and aldehyde oxidoreductases (AOR) and suggests a unique role for Se in catalysis.