Indoxyl Sulfate Stimulates Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress Through Activation of the NADPH Oxidase-Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a common condition that elevates the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress is an emerging key mechanism of atherosclerosis in CKD. One recent study reported that indoxyl sulfat...

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