Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with simultaneous derivatization coupled to fibre optics-based cuvetteless UV–vis micro-spectrophotometry for formaldehyde determination in cosmetic samples

In this work, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction in combination with fibre optics-based cuvetteless UV–vis micro-spectrophotometry has been proposed as a novel method for the determination of formaldehyde in water-based cosmetics such as shampoo, conditioner and shower gel. The use of a powerful cup-horn sonoreactor allows simultaneous extraction and derivatization of the samples without any pre-treatment. The type and volume of organic extractant solvent, need for a disperser solvent, sonication conditions (sonication time and amplitude), ionic strength and centrifuging time have been carefully studied. Matrix effects were also evaluated. The European official method for quantification of formaldehyde in cosmetic products was used for comparison purposes. An important improvement in sensitivity and sample throughput as well as miniaturization was achieved. A limit of detection of 0.02 μg g −1 of formaldehyde and a repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation of 5.9% were obtained.