Ecstasy: Are animal data consistent between species and can they translate to humans?
The number of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy or MDMA) animal research articles is rapidly increasing and yet studies which place emphasis on the clinical signi.cance are limited due to a lack of reliable human data. MDMA produces an acute, rapid release of brain serotonin and dopamine in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of Psychopharmacology 2006-03, Vol.20 (2), p.194-210 |
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| creator | Easton, Neil Marsden, Charles A. |
| description | The number of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy or MDMA) animal research articles is rapidly increasing and yet studies which place emphasis on the clinical signi.cance are limited due to a lack of reliable human data. MDMA produces an acute, rapid release of brain serotonin and dopamine in experimental animals and in the rat this is associated with increased locomotor activity and the serotonin behavioural syndrome in rats. MDMA causes dose-dependent hyperthermia, which is potentially fatal, in humans, primates and rodents. Subsequent serotonergic neurotoxicity has been demonstrated by biochemical and histological studies and is reported to last for months in rats and years in non-human primates. Relating human data to .ndings in animals is complicated by reports that MDMA exposure in mice produces selective long-term dopaminergic impairment with no effect on serotonin. This review compares data obtained from animal and human studies and examines the acute physiological, behavioural and biochemical effects of MDMA as well as the long-term behavioural effects together with serotonergic and dopaminergic impairments. Consideration is also given to the role of neurotoxic metabolites and the in.uence of age, sex and user groups on the long-term actions of MDMA. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/0269881106061153 |
| format | Article |
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MDMA produces an acute, rapid release of brain serotonin and dopamine in experimental animals and in the rat this is associated with increased locomotor activity and the serotonin behavioural syndrome in rats. MDMA causes dose-dependent hyperthermia, which is potentially fatal, in humans, primates and rodents. Subsequent serotonergic neurotoxicity has been demonstrated by biochemical and histological studies and is reported to last for months in rats and years in non-human primates. Relating human data to .ndings in animals is complicated by reports that MDMA exposure in mice produces selective long-term dopaminergic impairment with no effect on serotonin. This review compares data obtained from animal and human studies and examines the acute physiological, behavioural and biochemical effects of MDMA as well as the long-term behavioural effects together with serotonergic and dopaminergic impairments. Consideration is also given to the role of neurotoxic metabolites and the in.uence of age, sex and user groups on the long-term actions of MDMA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0269-8811</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1461-7285</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/0269881106061153</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16510478</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi: SAGE Publications</publisher><subject>Amphetamine-Related Disorders - physiopathology ; Animals ; Arousal - drug effects ; Arousal - physiology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Body Temperature Regulation - drug effects ; Body Temperature Regulation - physiology ; Brain - drug effects ; Brain - physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine ; Dopamine - metabolism ; Dopamine receptors ; Dosage and administration ; Drugs ; Ecstasy ; Ecstasy (Drug) ; Electrocardiography - drug effects ; Hallucinogens - toxicity ; Health aspects ; Hemodynamics - drug effects ; Hemodynamics - physiology ; Human behavior ; Humans ; Hyperthermia ; Locomotor activity ; MDMA ; Medical sciences ; Metabolites ; Mice ; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - toxicity ; Neuropharmacology ; Neurotoxicity ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Physiological effects ; Primates ; Rats ; Rodents ; Serotonin ; Serotonin - metabolism ; Serotonin Agents - toxicity ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - drug effects ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - physiology ; Species Specificity ; User groups</subject><ispartof>Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2006-03, Vol.20 (2), p.194-210</ispartof><rights>2006 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2006 Sage Publications Ltd. (UK)</rights><rights>Copyright Sage Publications Ltd. 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MDMA produces an acute, rapid release of brain serotonin and dopamine in experimental animals and in the rat this is associated with increased locomotor activity and the serotonin behavioural syndrome in rats. MDMA causes dose-dependent hyperthermia, which is potentially fatal, in humans, primates and rodents. Subsequent serotonergic neurotoxicity has been demonstrated by biochemical and histological studies and is reported to last for months in rats and years in non-human primates. Relating human data to .ndings in animals is complicated by reports that MDMA exposure in mice produces selective long-term dopaminergic impairment with no effect on serotonin. This review compares data obtained from animal and human studies and examines the acute physiological, behavioural and biochemical effects of MDMA as well as the long-term behavioural effects together with serotonergic and dopaminergic impairments. Consideration is also given to the role of neurotoxic metabolites and the in.uence of age, sex and user groups on the long-term actions of MDMA.</description><subject>Amphetamine-Related Disorders - physiopathology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arousal - drug effects</subject><subject>Arousal - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Body Temperature Regulation - drug effects</subject><subject>Body Temperature Regulation - physiology</subject><subject>Brain - drug effects</subject><subject>Brain - physiopathology</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>Dopamine</subject><subject>Dopamine - metabolism</subject><subject>Dopamine receptors</subject><subject>Dosage and administration</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Ecstasy</subject><subject>Ecstasy (Drug)</subject><subject>Electrocardiography - drug effects</subject><subject>Hallucinogens - toxicity</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hemodynamics - drug effects</subject><subject>Hemodynamics - physiology</subject><subject>Human behavior</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperthermia</subject><subject>Locomotor activity</subject><subject>MDMA</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - toxicity</subject><subject>Neuropharmacology</subject><subject>Neurotoxicity</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Physiological effects</subject><subject>Primates</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Serotonin</subject><subject>Serotonin - metabolism</subject><subject>Serotonin Agents - toxicity</subject><subject>Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - drug effects</subject><subject>Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - physiology</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>User groups</subject><issn>0269-8811</issn><issn>1461-7285</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc1r3DAQxUVpabZp7z0VQSk9OdVY372UJSRtIdBLczZjeZw42PLWkin731fLLqQEgg5Cmt-TZt5j7D2ICwBrv4jaeOcAhBEGQMsXbAPKQGVrp1-yzaFcHepn7E1KD0KAUUa_ZmdgNAhl3YbdXoWUMe2_8u1CHOMw4cg7zMjDHNOQMsXMW8p_iSJPOwoDpYJ1PGDk-Z72PC8Y04iZeJ75_TqV07e37FWPY6J3p_2c3V5f_b78Ud38-v7zcntTBWl9riTZtm473SF472sJWikUWvUGfYdIPUnoUaMWLrgWnZZChq5vbYeGwIE8Z5-P7-6W-c9KKTfTkAKNI0aa19RYpb0A8LKQH5-QD_O6xNJcA95665QwrlAXR-oOR2qG2M9lulBWR9NQDKF-KPdbUFLXSjhVBOIoCMuc0kJ9s1uKhcu-AdEcImqeRlQkH06drO1E3aPglEkBPp0ATAHHvvgbhvTIWSO8rkXhqiOX8I7-G-e5j_8B8mWkLw</recordid><startdate>200603</startdate><enddate>200603</enddate><creator>Easton, Neil</creator><creator>Marsden, Charles A.</creator><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>Sage</general><general>Sage Publications Ltd. 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Drug treatments</topic><topic>Physiological effects</topic><topic>Primates</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Serotonin</topic><topic>Serotonin - metabolism</topic><topic>Serotonin Agents - toxicity</topic><topic>Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - drug effects</topic><topic>Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - physiology</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><topic>User groups</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Easton, Neil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marsden, Charles A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of Psychopharmacology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Easton, Neil</au><au>Marsden, Charles A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Ecstasy: Are animal data consistent between species and can they translate to humans?</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Psychopharmacology</jtitle><addtitle>J Psychopharmacol</addtitle><date>2006-03</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>194</spage><epage>210</epage><pages>194-210</pages><issn>0269-8811</issn><eissn>1461-7285</eissn><abstract>The number of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy or MDMA) animal research articles is rapidly increasing and yet studies which place emphasis on the clinical signi.cance are limited due to a lack of reliable human data. 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| subjects | Amphetamine-Related Disorders - physiopathology Animals Arousal - drug effects Arousal - physiology Biological and medical sciences Body Temperature Regulation - drug effects Body Temperature Regulation - physiology Brain - drug effects Brain - physiopathology Disease Models, Animal Dopamine Dopamine - metabolism Dopamine receptors Dosage and administration Drugs Ecstasy Ecstasy (Drug) Electrocardiography - drug effects Hallucinogens - toxicity Health aspects Hemodynamics - drug effects Hemodynamics - physiology Human behavior Humans Hyperthermia Locomotor activity MDMA Medical sciences Metabolites Mice N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - toxicity Neuropharmacology Neurotoxicity Pharmacology. Drug treatments Physiological effects Primates Rats Rodents Serotonin Serotonin - metabolism Serotonin Agents - toxicity Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - drug effects Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - physiology Species Specificity User groups |
| title | Ecstasy: Are animal data consistent between species and can they translate to humans? |
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