Enhanced anti-predator defence in the presence of food stress in the water flea Daphnia magna
1. Many prey organisms show adaptive trait shifts in response to predation. These responses are often studied under benign conditions, yet energy stress may be expected to interfere with optimal shifts in trait values. 2. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to fish predation and food stress and...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Functional ecology 2010-04, Vol.24 (2), p.322-329 |
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description | 1. Many prey organisms show adaptive trait shifts in response to predation. These responses are often studied under benign conditions, yet energy stress may be expected to interfere with optimal shifts in trait values. 2. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to fish predation and food stress and quantified both life history responses as well as physiological responses (metabolic rate, stress proteins, energy storage and immune function) to explore the architecture of defence strategies in the face of the combined stressors and the occurrence of trade-offs associated with energy constraints. 3. All traits studied showed either an overall or clone-dependent response to food stress. The chronic response to predation risk was less strong for the measured physiological traits than for life history traits, and stronger under food stress than under benign conditions for age at maturity, intrinsic population growth rate and offspring performance (measured as juvenile growth). Immune function (measured as phenoloxidase activity) was lower under predation risk but only at high food, probably because minimum levels were maintained at low food. 4. Overall, food stress induced stronger adaptive predator-induced responses, whereas more energy was invested in reproduction under benign conditions at the cost of being less defended. Our results suggest that food stress may increase the capacity to cope with predation risk and underscore the importance of integrating responses to different stressors and traits, and show how responses towards one stressor can have consequences for the susceptibility to other stressors. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01641.x |
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Many prey organisms show adaptive trait shifts in response to predation. These responses are often studied under benign conditions, yet energy stress may be expected to interfere with optimal shifts in trait values. 2. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to fish predation and food stress and quantified both life history responses as well as physiological responses (metabolic rate, stress proteins, energy storage and immune function) to explore the architecture of defence strategies in the face of the combined stressors and the occurrence of trade-offs associated with energy constraints. 3. All traits studied showed either an overall or clone-dependent response to food stress. The chronic response to predation risk was less strong for the measured physiological traits than for life history traits, and stronger under food stress than under benign conditions for age at maturity, intrinsic population growth rate and offspring performance (measured as juvenile growth). Immune function (measured as phenoloxidase activity) was lower under predation risk but only at high food, probably because minimum levels were maintained at low food. 4. Overall, food stress induced stronger adaptive predator-induced responses, whereas more energy was invested in reproduction under benign conditions at the cost of being less defended. Our results suggest that food stress may increase the capacity to cope with predation risk and underscore the importance of integrating responses to different stressors and traits, and show how responses towards one stressor can have consequences for the susceptibility to other stressors.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0269-8463</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2435</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01641.x</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal physiological ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Autoecology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Daphnia magna ; DNA ; Ecological genetics ; Ecological life histories ; Fish ; Food availability ; Food history ; food limitation ; Freshwater ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; General aspects ; Human ecology ; immune function ; Insecta ; Invertebrates ; life history trade-offs ; Marine ecology ; physiological stress response ; Population growth rate ; predation risk ; Predators ; stress biology</subject><ispartof>Functional ecology, 2010-04, Vol.24 (2), p.322-329</ispartof><rights>2010 British Ecological Society</rights><rights>2009 The Authors. 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Many prey organisms show adaptive trait shifts in response to predation. These responses are often studied under benign conditions, yet energy stress may be expected to interfere with optimal shifts in trait values. 2. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to fish predation and food stress and quantified both life history responses as well as physiological responses (metabolic rate, stress proteins, energy storage and immune function) to explore the architecture of defence strategies in the face of the combined stressors and the occurrence of trade-offs associated with energy constraints. 3. All traits studied showed either an overall or clone-dependent response to food stress. The chronic response to predation risk was less strong for the measured physiological traits than for life history traits, and stronger under food stress than under benign conditions for age at maturity, intrinsic population growth rate and offspring performance (measured as juvenile growth). Immune function (measured as phenoloxidase activity) was lower under predation risk but only at high food, probably because minimum levels were maintained at low food. 4. Overall, food stress induced stronger adaptive predator-induced responses, whereas more energy was invested in reproduction under benign conditions at the cost of being less defended. Our results suggest that food stress may increase the capacity to cope with predation risk and underscore the importance of integrating responses to different stressors and traits, and show how responses towards one stressor can have consequences for the susceptibility to other stressors.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal physiological ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Daphnia magna</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Ecological genetics</subject><subject>Ecological life histories</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Food availability</subject><subject>Food history</subject><subject>food limitation</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Human ecology</subject><subject>immune function</subject><subject>Insecta</subject><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subject>life history trade-offs</subject><subject>Marine ecology</subject><subject>physiological stress response</subject><subject>Population growth rate</subject><subject>predation risk</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>stress biology</subject><issn>0269-8463</issn><issn>1365-2435</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNUUtv1DAQtlCR2BZ-AsKXilPC-Jnk0ANatoBUiQP0iKyJH92sssnWTrXtv8dp2j0zF9vfYzz-TAhlULJcX3YlE1oVXApVcoCmBKYlKx_fkNWJOCMr4LopaqnFO3Ke0g6yUnG-In83wxYH6x3FYeqKQ_QOpzFS54PPMO0GOm09zXh6Po-BhnF0NE0ZSa_0EScfaeg90m942A4d0j3eDfievA3YJ__hZb0gt9ebP-sfxc2v7z_XX28KKyvGimBd5ULLpW55w1XFvdKqsa3jrQ1aWNS5Wtlyp1gFrVTgbUDQTXBVfkcQF-Tz0vcQx_sHnyaz75L1fY-DHx-SqaSsOGjZZGW9KG0cU4o-mEPs9hifDAMzB2p2Zs7NzLmZOVDzHKh5zNbLl0swWexDzLl16eTnefxa1Crrrhbdsev903_3N9eb9bzL_o-Lf5fyT5z8EjQIkHXmPy18wNHgXcwz3P7mwASwGirBQPwDHFiboA</recordid><startdate>201004</startdate><enddate>201004</enddate><creator>Pauwels, Kevin</creator><creator>Stoks, Robby</creator><creator>De Meester, Luc</creator><general>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201004</creationdate><title>Enhanced anti-predator defence in the presence of food stress in the water flea Daphnia magna</title><author>Pauwels, Kevin ; Stoks, Robby ; De Meester, Luc</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4711-fcd7dfb246b292572e5659cbd2bcf63ca6666b4b2d5170b450ecfa069fd7095f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal physiological ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Autoecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Daphnia magna</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Ecological genetics</topic><topic>Ecological life histories</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Food availability</topic><topic>Food history</topic><topic>food limitation</topic><topic>Freshwater</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Human ecology</topic><topic>immune function</topic><topic>Insecta</topic><topic>Invertebrates</topic><topic>life history trade-offs</topic><topic>Marine ecology</topic><topic>physiological stress response</topic><topic>Population growth rate</topic><topic>predation risk</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>stress biology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pauwels, Kevin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoks, Robby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Meester, Luc</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Functional ecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pauwels, Kevin</au><au>Stoks, Robby</au><au>De Meester, Luc</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Enhanced anti-predator defence in the presence of food stress in the water flea Daphnia magna</atitle><jtitle>Functional ecology</jtitle><date>2010-04</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>322</spage><epage>329</epage><pages>322-329</pages><issn>0269-8463</issn><eissn>1365-2435</eissn><abstract>1. Many prey organisms show adaptive trait shifts in response to predation. These responses are often studied under benign conditions, yet energy stress may be expected to interfere with optimal shifts in trait values. 2. We exposed the water flea Daphnia magna to fish predation and food stress and quantified both life history responses as well as physiological responses (metabolic rate, stress proteins, energy storage and immune function) to explore the architecture of defence strategies in the face of the combined stressors and the occurrence of trade-offs associated with energy constraints. 3. All traits studied showed either an overall or clone-dependent response to food stress. The chronic response to predation risk was less strong for the measured physiological traits than for life history traits, and stronger under food stress than under benign conditions for age at maturity, intrinsic population growth rate and offspring performance (measured as juvenile growth). Immune function (measured as phenoloxidase activity) was lower under predation risk but only at high food, probably because minimum levels were maintained at low food. 4. Overall, food stress induced stronger adaptive predator-induced responses, whereas more energy was invested in reproduction under benign conditions at the cost of being less defended. Our results suggest that food stress may increase the capacity to cope with predation risk and underscore the importance of integrating responses to different stressors and traits, and show how responses towards one stressor can have consequences for the susceptibility to other stressors.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01641.x</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal physiological ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Autoecology Biological and medical sciences Daphnia magna DNA Ecological genetics Ecological life histories Fish Food availability Food history food limitation Freshwater Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Human ecology immune function Insecta Invertebrates life history trade-offs Marine ecology physiological stress response Population growth rate predation risk Predators stress biology |
title | Enhanced anti-predator defence in the presence of food stress in the water flea Daphnia magna |
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