Effect-related monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater
Background, aim, and scope Concentration monitoring as a basis for risk assessment is a valid approach only if there is an unambiguous relation between concentration and effect. In many cases, no such unambiguous relation exists, since various substances can exert the same effect with differing pote...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2010-02, Vol.17 (2), p.250-260 |
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| creator | Kuch, Bertram Kern, Frieder Metzger, Jörg W. von der Trenck, Karl Theo |
| description | Background, aim, and scope
Concentration monitoring as a basis for risk assessment is a valid approach only if there is an unambiguous relation between concentration and effect. In many cases, no such unambiguous relation exists, since various substances can exert the same effect with differing potencies. If some or all of these substances contributing to a biological effect are unknown, effect-related monitoring becomes indispensable. Endocrine-disrupting substances in water bodies, including the groundwater, are a prominent example of such a case. The aim of the investigations described here was to detect hormonally active substances in the groundwater downstream of obsolete landfills by using the E-screen assay and to possibly assign the biological effect to individual chemical compounds by means of instrumental analyses carried out in parallel.
Materials and methods
Grab samples of the groundwater were collected downstream from abandoned landfills and prepared by liquid/liquid extraction. The total estrogenic activity in these samples was determined in vitro by applying the E-screen assay. The human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) used in the E-screen proliferate in response to the presence of estrogenically active compounds. Expressed in concentration units of the reference substance 17β-estradiol (E2), the test system allows the quantification of estrogenicity with a limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.1 ng/L. Aliquots of the samples were screened using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to quantify known estrogenically active substances and to identify unknown compounds. Estrogen-positive samples were extracted at different pH values, split into acidic, neutral, and basic fractions and analyzed by GC/MS, searching for individual components that display estrogenic activity.
Results and discussion
Estrogenic activity exceeding the LOD and the provisional benchmark of 0.5 ng E2/L was found at three out of seven abandoned waste disposal sites tested. The low concentrations of known xenoestrogens such as bisphenol-A, nonylphenols, or phthalic acid esters determined by GC/MS, however, were not sufficient to explain the detected activity. Neither natural nor synthetic hormones have caused the activity because these chemical structures are readily degradable and cannot persist in abandoned landfills for decades. The highest activity in the E-screen assay was found in the acidic fractions. Hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydro |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_744610850</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>744610850</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-44a2c11215402b0c8e3d0b5cfe02af1a1298fa51930a21ed40094afddc2f000e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kE9LAzEQxYMotlY_gBdZvHiKzmSz3cablvoHCl70HLLZSdm63a3JLuK3N2ULBcFTmPB7b948xi4RbhEgvwuIaTblAIqDSCXHIzbGKUqeS6WO2RiUjJ-plCN2FsIaQIAS-SkbocpTUAhj9rhwjmzHPdWmozLZtE3Vtb5qVvcJhc63K2p4XX1SEvoidKaxFJKqSVa-7ZvyO2r8OTtxpg50sX8n7ONp8T5_4cu359f5w5JbCaLjUhphEQVmcSzAzigtocisIxDGoUGhZs5kqFIwAqmU8SxpXFla4QCA0gm7GXy3vv3qYzi9qYKlujYNtX3QuZRThFkGkbz-Q67b3jcxnBYCsjySKkI4QNa3IXhyeuurjfE_GkHv6tVDvTrm0Lt6NUbN1d64LzZUHhT7PiMgBiBsdx2SP2z-3_UXe-WEYw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>220577449</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effect-related monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Kuch, Bertram ; Kern, Frieder ; Metzger, Jörg W. ; von der Trenck, Karl Theo</creator><creatorcontrib>Kuch, Bertram ; Kern, Frieder ; Metzger, Jörg W. ; von der Trenck, Karl Theo</creatorcontrib><description>Background, aim, and scope
Concentration monitoring as a basis for risk assessment is a valid approach only if there is an unambiguous relation between concentration and effect. In many cases, no such unambiguous relation exists, since various substances can exert the same effect with differing potencies. If some or all of these substances contributing to a biological effect are unknown, effect-related monitoring becomes indispensable. Endocrine-disrupting substances in water bodies, including the groundwater, are a prominent example of such a case. The aim of the investigations described here was to detect hormonally active substances in the groundwater downstream of obsolete landfills by using the E-screen assay and to possibly assign the biological effect to individual chemical compounds by means of instrumental analyses carried out in parallel.
Materials and methods
Grab samples of the groundwater were collected downstream from abandoned landfills and prepared by liquid/liquid extraction. The total estrogenic activity in these samples was determined in vitro by applying the E-screen assay. The human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) used in the E-screen proliferate in response to the presence of estrogenically active compounds. Expressed in concentration units of the reference substance 17β-estradiol (E2), the test system allows the quantification of estrogenicity with a limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.1 ng/L. Aliquots of the samples were screened using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to quantify known estrogenically active substances and to identify unknown compounds. Estrogen-positive samples were extracted at different pH values, split into acidic, neutral, and basic fractions and analyzed by GC/MS, searching for individual components that display estrogenic activity.
Results and discussion
Estrogenic activity exceeding the LOD and the provisional benchmark of 0.5 ng E2/L was found at three out of seven abandoned waste disposal sites tested. The low concentrations of known xenoestrogens such as bisphenol-A, nonylphenols, or phthalic acid esters determined by GC/MS, however, were not sufficient to explain the detected activity. Neither natural nor synthetic hormones have caused the activity because these chemical structures are readily degradable and cannot persist in abandoned landfills for decades. The highest activity in the E-screen assay was found in the acidic fractions. Hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hetero-PAHs, as well as alkylphenols could be identified as further compounds with possible hormonal activity.
Conclusions
Estrogenically active substances may occur in the groundwater below obsolete landfills, especially those that contain PCBs or waste from gasworks. These substances are not part of analytical programs routinely applied to contaminated sites and may therefore escape detection and assessment. Analyses using the E-screen assay and GC/MS in parallel have shown that the total estrogenic activity found in groundwater samples is to be ascribed to a multitude of individual compounds, some of which cannot be quantified due to lack of standard substances or assessed due to lack of a standardized procedure for determination of their estrogenic potency. By comparison with provisional guide values for estradiol (0.5 ng/L) and ethynylestradiol (0.3 ng/L), the damaging potential of the total estrogenic activity in groundwater samples can in fact be assessed, but specific remediation measures are impossible unless the hormonal activity can be attributed to individual chemical substances.
Recommendations and outlook
On the one hand, further analyses of samples taken from possible pollution sources should be conducted in order to characterize the extent of groundwater pollution with xenoestrogens. On the other hand, the most potent individual compounds should be identified according to their estrogenic potency. To this end, bioassay-directed fractionation and structure elucidation should be carried out with concentrated samples.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19730910</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>17β-Estradiol ; Alkylphenols ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Bioassays ; Biological Assay ; Biological effects ; Bisphenol A ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chemical and Biological Environmental Monitoring • Series • Research Article ; Chemical compounds ; Chemical contaminants ; Chromatography ; Disposal sites ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Endocrine disruptors ; Endocrine Disruptors - analysis ; Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental monitoring ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Esters ; Estrogenic activity ; Estrogens ; Estrogens - analysis ; Estrogens - toxicity ; Fractionation ; Fresh Water - chemistry ; Gas chromatography ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Groundwater ; Groundwater pollution ; Hormones ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons ; Industrial wastes ; Landfill ; Landfills ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Organic chemicals ; PCB ; Phenols ; Phthalic acid ; Pollutants ; Pollution sources ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls - toxicity ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity ; Risk assessment ; Scientific imaging ; Studies ; Toxicity ; Waste disposal ; Waste disposal sites ; Waste Water Technology ; Water analysis ; Water Management ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity ; Water pollution ; Water Pollution Control ; Water sampling ; World War I ; Xenoestrogens</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2010-02, Vol.17 (2), p.250-260</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag 2009</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag 2010</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-44a2c11215402b0c8e3d0b5cfe02af1a1298fa51930a21ed40094afddc2f000e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-44a2c11215402b0c8e3d0b5cfe02af1a1298fa51930a21ed40094afddc2f000e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19730910$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kuch, Bertram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kern, Frieder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Metzger, Jörg W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von der Trenck, Karl Theo</creatorcontrib><title>Effect-related monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>Background, aim, and scope
Concentration monitoring as a basis for risk assessment is a valid approach only if there is an unambiguous relation between concentration and effect. In many cases, no such unambiguous relation exists, since various substances can exert the same effect with differing potencies. If some or all of these substances contributing to a biological effect are unknown, effect-related monitoring becomes indispensable. Endocrine-disrupting substances in water bodies, including the groundwater, are a prominent example of such a case. The aim of the investigations described here was to detect hormonally active substances in the groundwater downstream of obsolete landfills by using the E-screen assay and to possibly assign the biological effect to individual chemical compounds by means of instrumental analyses carried out in parallel.
Materials and methods
Grab samples of the groundwater were collected downstream from abandoned landfills and prepared by liquid/liquid extraction. The total estrogenic activity in these samples was determined in vitro by applying the E-screen assay. The human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) used in the E-screen proliferate in response to the presence of estrogenically active compounds. Expressed in concentration units of the reference substance 17β-estradiol (E2), the test system allows the quantification of estrogenicity with a limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.1 ng/L. Aliquots of the samples were screened using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to quantify known estrogenically active substances and to identify unknown compounds. Estrogen-positive samples were extracted at different pH values, split into acidic, neutral, and basic fractions and analyzed by GC/MS, searching for individual components that display estrogenic activity.
Results and discussion
Estrogenic activity exceeding the LOD and the provisional benchmark of 0.5 ng E2/L was found at three out of seven abandoned waste disposal sites tested. The low concentrations of known xenoestrogens such as bisphenol-A, nonylphenols, or phthalic acid esters determined by GC/MS, however, were not sufficient to explain the detected activity. Neither natural nor synthetic hormones have caused the activity because these chemical structures are readily degradable and cannot persist in abandoned landfills for decades. The highest activity in the E-screen assay was found in the acidic fractions. Hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hetero-PAHs, as well as alkylphenols could be identified as further compounds with possible hormonal activity.
Conclusions
Estrogenically active substances may occur in the groundwater below obsolete landfills, especially those that contain PCBs or waste from gasworks. These substances are not part of analytical programs routinely applied to contaminated sites and may therefore escape detection and assessment. Analyses using the E-screen assay and GC/MS in parallel have shown that the total estrogenic activity found in groundwater samples is to be ascribed to a multitude of individual compounds, some of which cannot be quantified due to lack of standard substances or assessed due to lack of a standardized procedure for determination of their estrogenic potency. By comparison with provisional guide values for estradiol (0.5 ng/L) and ethynylestradiol (0.3 ng/L), the damaging potential of the total estrogenic activity in groundwater samples can in fact be assessed, but specific remediation measures are impossible unless the hormonal activity can be attributed to individual chemical substances.
Recommendations and outlook
On the one hand, further analyses of samples taken from possible pollution sources should be conducted in order to characterize the extent of groundwater pollution with xenoestrogens. On the other hand, the most potent individual compounds should be identified according to their estrogenic potency. To this end, bioassay-directed fractionation and structure elucidation should be carried out with concentrated samples.</description><subject>17β-Estradiol</subject><subject>Alkylphenols</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>Biological Assay</subject><subject>Biological effects</subject><subject>Bisphenol A</subject><subject>Cell Line, Tumor</subject><subject>Chemical and Biological Environmental Monitoring • Series • Research Article</subject><subject>Chemical compounds</subject><subject>Chemical contaminants</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Disposal sites</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Endocrine disruptors</subject><subject>Endocrine Disruptors - analysis</subject><subject>Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Esters</subject><subject>Estrogenic activity</subject><subject>Estrogens</subject><subject>Estrogens - analysis</subject><subject>Estrogens - toxicity</subject><subject>Fractionation</subject><subject>Fresh Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater pollution</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Industrial wastes</subject><subject>Landfill</subject><subject>Landfills</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Organic chemicals</subject><subject>PCB</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Phthalic acid</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Pollution sources</subject><subject>Polychlorinated biphenyls</subject><subject>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis</subject><subject>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - toxicity</subject><subject>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis</subject><subject>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Scientific imaging</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Waste disposal</subject><subject>Waste disposal sites</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water sampling</subject><subject>World War I</subject><subject>Xenoestrogens</subject><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kE9LAzEQxYMotlY_gBdZvHiKzmSz3cablvoHCl70HLLZSdm63a3JLuK3N2ULBcFTmPB7b948xi4RbhEgvwuIaTblAIqDSCXHIzbGKUqeS6WO2RiUjJ-plCN2FsIaQIAS-SkbocpTUAhj9rhwjmzHPdWmozLZtE3Vtb5qVvcJhc63K2p4XX1SEvoidKaxFJKqSVa-7ZvyO2r8OTtxpg50sX8n7ONp8T5_4cu359f5w5JbCaLjUhphEQVmcSzAzigtocisIxDGoUGhZs5kqFIwAqmU8SxpXFla4QCA0gm7GXy3vv3qYzi9qYKlujYNtX3QuZRThFkGkbz-Q67b3jcxnBYCsjySKkI4QNa3IXhyeuurjfE_GkHv6tVDvTrm0Lt6NUbN1d64LzZUHhT7PiMgBiBsdx2SP2z-3_UXe-WEYw</recordid><startdate>20100201</startdate><enddate>20100201</enddate><creator>Kuch, Bertram</creator><creator>Kern, Frieder</creator><creator>Metzger, Jörg W.</creator><creator>von der Trenck, Karl Theo</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer Nature 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monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater</title><author>Kuch, Bertram ; Kern, Frieder ; Metzger, Jörg W. ; von der Trenck, Karl Theo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-44a2c11215402b0c8e3d0b5cfe02af1a1298fa51930a21ed40094afddc2f000e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>17β-Estradiol</topic><topic>Alkylphenols</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Bioassays</topic><topic>Biological Assay</topic><topic>Biological effects</topic><topic>Bisphenol A</topic><topic>Cell Line, Tumor</topic><topic>Chemical and Biological Environmental Monitoring • Series • Research Article</topic><topic>Chemical compounds</topic><topic>Chemical contaminants</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Disposal sites</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Endocrine disruptors</topic><topic>Endocrine Disruptors - analysis</topic><topic>Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Esters</topic><topic>Estrogenic activity</topic><topic>Estrogens</topic><topic>Estrogens - analysis</topic><topic>Estrogens - toxicity</topic><topic>Fractionation</topic><topic>Fresh Water - chemistry</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater pollution</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Industrial wastes</topic><topic>Landfill</topic><topic>Landfills</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Organic chemicals</topic><topic>PCB</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Phthalic acid</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Pollution sources</topic><topic>Polychlorinated biphenyls</topic><topic>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis</topic><topic>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - toxicity</topic><topic>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis</topic><topic>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Scientific imaging</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Waste disposal</topic><topic>Waste disposal sites</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Water analysis</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><topic>Water sampling</topic><topic>World War I</topic><topic>Xenoestrogens</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kuch, Bertram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kern, Frieder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Metzger, Jörg W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von der Trenck, Karl Theo</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Health & Medical 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kuch, Bertram</au><au>Kern, Frieder</au><au>Metzger, Jörg W.</au><au>von der Trenck, Karl Theo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect-related monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2010-02-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>250</spage><epage>260</epage><pages>250-260</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>Background, aim, and scope
Concentration monitoring as a basis for risk assessment is a valid approach only if there is an unambiguous relation between concentration and effect. In many cases, no such unambiguous relation exists, since various substances can exert the same effect with differing potencies. If some or all of these substances contributing to a biological effect are unknown, effect-related monitoring becomes indispensable. Endocrine-disrupting substances in water bodies, including the groundwater, are a prominent example of such a case. The aim of the investigations described here was to detect hormonally active substances in the groundwater downstream of obsolete landfills by using the E-screen assay and to possibly assign the biological effect to individual chemical compounds by means of instrumental analyses carried out in parallel.
Materials and methods
Grab samples of the groundwater were collected downstream from abandoned landfills and prepared by liquid/liquid extraction. The total estrogenic activity in these samples was determined in vitro by applying the E-screen assay. The human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) used in the E-screen proliferate in response to the presence of estrogenically active compounds. Expressed in concentration units of the reference substance 17β-estradiol (E2), the test system allows the quantification of estrogenicity with a limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.1 ng/L. Aliquots of the samples were screened using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to quantify known estrogenically active substances and to identify unknown compounds. Estrogen-positive samples were extracted at different pH values, split into acidic, neutral, and basic fractions and analyzed by GC/MS, searching for individual components that display estrogenic activity.
Results and discussion
Estrogenic activity exceeding the LOD and the provisional benchmark of 0.5 ng E2/L was found at three out of seven abandoned waste disposal sites tested. The low concentrations of known xenoestrogens such as bisphenol-A, nonylphenols, or phthalic acid esters determined by GC/MS, however, were not sufficient to explain the detected activity. Neither natural nor synthetic hormones have caused the activity because these chemical structures are readily degradable and cannot persist in abandoned landfills for decades. The highest activity in the E-screen assay was found in the acidic fractions. Hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hetero-PAHs, as well as alkylphenols could be identified as further compounds with possible hormonal activity.
Conclusions
Estrogenically active substances may occur in the groundwater below obsolete landfills, especially those that contain PCBs or waste from gasworks. These substances are not part of analytical programs routinely applied to contaminated sites and may therefore escape detection and assessment. Analyses using the E-screen assay and GC/MS in parallel have shown that the total estrogenic activity found in groundwater samples is to be ascribed to a multitude of individual compounds, some of which cannot be quantified due to lack of standard substances or assessed due to lack of a standardized procedure for determination of their estrogenic potency. By comparison with provisional guide values for estradiol (0.5 ng/L) and ethynylestradiol (0.3 ng/L), the damaging potential of the total estrogenic activity in groundwater samples can in fact be assessed, but specific remediation measures are impossible unless the hormonal activity can be attributed to individual chemical substances.
Recommendations and outlook
On the one hand, further analyses of samples taken from possible pollution sources should be conducted in order to characterize the extent of groundwater pollution with xenoestrogens. On the other hand, the most potent individual compounds should be identified according to their estrogenic potency. To this end, bioassay-directed fractionation and structure elucidation should be carried out with concentrated samples.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>19730910</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0944-1344 |
| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2010-02, Vol.17 (2), p.250-260 |
| issn | 0944-1344 1614-7499 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_744610850 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | 17β-Estradiol Alkylphenols Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Bioassays Biological Assay Biological effects Bisphenol A Cell Line, Tumor Chemical and Biological Environmental Monitoring • Series • Research Article Chemical compounds Chemical contaminants Chromatography Disposal sites Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Endocrine disruptors Endocrine Disruptors - analysis Endocrine Disruptors - toxicity Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental monitoring Environmental Monitoring - methods Esters Estrogenic activity Estrogens Estrogens - analysis Estrogens - toxicity Fractionation Fresh Water - chemistry Gas chromatography Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Groundwater Groundwater pollution Hormones Humans Hydrocarbons Industrial wastes Landfill Landfills Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Organic chemicals PCB Phenols Phthalic acid Pollutants Pollution sources Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis Polychlorinated Biphenyls - toxicity Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity Risk assessment Scientific imaging Studies Toxicity Waste disposal Waste disposal sites Waste Water Technology Water analysis Water Management Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity Water pollution Water Pollution Control Water sampling World War I Xenoestrogens |
| title | Effect-related monitoring: estrogen-like substances in groundwater |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-04T20%3A46%3A10IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect-related%20monitoring:%20estrogen-like%20substances%20in%20groundwater&rft.jtitle=Environmental%20science%20and%20pollution%20research%20international&rft.au=Kuch,%20Bertram&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=250&rft.epage=260&rft.pages=250-260&rft.issn=0944-1344&rft.eissn=1614-7499&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s11356-009-0234-1&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E744610850%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=220577449&rft_id=info:pmid/19730910&rfr_iscdi=true |