Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection
Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle 1 . All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the frustule) of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature (London) 2003-02, Vol.421 (6925), p.841-843 |
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| creator | Hamm, Christian E. Merkel, Rudolf Springer, Olaf Jurkojc, Piotr Maier, Christian Prechtel, Kathrin Smetacek, Victor |
| description | Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle
1
. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture
2
whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate
3
,
4
,
5
. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/nature01416 |
| format | Article |
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1
. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture
2
whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate
3
,
4
,
5
. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-0836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4687</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/nature01416</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12594512</identifier><identifier>CODEN: NATUAS</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>Animal and plant ecology ; Animal, plant and microbial ecology ; Animals ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Autoecology ; Bacillariophyceae ; Biogeochemical cycles ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brackish ; Calibration ; Carbon - analysis ; Carbon cycle ; Cell Wall - chemistry ; Cell Wall - physiology ; Centrales ; Diatoms - chemistry ; Diatoms - classification ; Diatoms - cytology ; Diatoms - physiology ; Ecosystems ; Evolution ; Food Chain ; Food webs ; Freshwater ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Glass ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; letter ; Marine ; multidisciplinary ; Needles ; Pennales ; Phytoplankton ; Phytoplankton - chemistry ; Phytoplankton - classification ; Phytoplankton - cytology ; Phytoplankton - physiology ; Plants and fungi ; Predators ; Science ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Silica ; Silicon Dioxide ; Species Specificity</subject><ispartof>Nature (London), 2003-02, Vol.421 (6925), p.841-843</ispartof><rights>Macmillan Magazines Ltd. 2003</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2003 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Macmillan Journals Ltd. Feb 20, 2003</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c713t-67c358072c25ac9c4b07b7fcbf4f36f4f70cb5132ac29e74dd6210dabed22da43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c713t-67c358072c25ac9c4b07b7fcbf4f36f4f70cb5132ac29e74dd6210dabed22da43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/nature01416$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/nature01416$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14534019$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12594512$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hamm, Christian E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merkel, Rudolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Springer, Olaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jurkojc, Piotr</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maier, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prechtel, Kathrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smetacek, Victor</creatorcontrib><title>Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection</title><title>Nature (London)</title><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><description>Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle
1
. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture
2
whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate
3
,
4
,
5
. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.</description><subject>Animal and plant ecology</subject><subject>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aquatic ecosystems</subject><subject>Autoecology</subject><subject>Bacillariophyceae</subject><subject>Biogeochemical cycles</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Brackish</subject><subject>Calibration</subject><subject>Carbon - analysis</subject><subject>Carbon cycle</subject><subject>Cell Wall - chemistry</subject><subject>Cell Wall - physiology</subject><subject>Centrales</subject><subject>Diatoms - chemistry</subject><subject>Diatoms - classification</subject><subject>Diatoms - cytology</subject><subject>Diatoms - physiology</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Food Chain</subject><subject>Food webs</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Glass</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>letter</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Needles</subject><subject>Pennales</subject><subject>Phytoplankton</subject><subject>Phytoplankton - chemistry</subject><subject>Phytoplankton - classification</subject><subject>Phytoplankton - cytology</subject><subject>Phytoplankton - physiology</subject><subject>Plants and fungi</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Silica</subject><subject>Silicon Dioxide</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><issn>0028-0836</issn><issn>1476-4687</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0l2L1DAUBuAiijuuXnkvRVAR7Xry3bkcBj8WFgVd8UpKmp7MZGnT2aRd9N-bMgOzI6NLaQPNc96Ew8mypwTOCLDyndfDGBAIJ_JeNiNcyYLLUt3PZgC0LKBk8iR7FOMVAAii-MPshFAx54LQWfZzEczaDWimjFz7Ju_0gMHpNt-EfoNhcBjz3uaN00Pf5XGNbRunvRvXYI7WplJ3g3mHZq29M9vCKdD1_nH2wOo24pPdepp9__D-cvmpuPjy8Xy5uCiMImwopDJMlKCooUKbueE1qFpZU1tumUwfBaYWhFFt6BwVbxpJCTS6xobSRnN2mr3a5qajr0eMQ9W5aNJNtcd-jJXijEMpuUzy5f8lA6ZKDndCSpiE9N4JSSnnQsB0yed_wat-DD71paLABZOETajYopVusXLe9kPQZoUeg257j9al3wtSKlEyAWIfeuDNxl1Xt9HZEZSeBjtnjqa-PihIZsBfw0qPMVbn374e2jf_tovLH8vPR7UJfYwBbbUJrtPhd0Wgmsa5ujXOST_btWysO2z2dje_CbzYAR3T6NmgvXFx71JbOZB5cm-3LqYtv8Kw7_2xc_8ABpwJjQ</recordid><startdate>20030220</startdate><enddate>20030220</enddate><creator>Hamm, Christian E.</creator><creator>Merkel, Rudolf</creator><creator>Springer, Olaf</creator><creator>Jurkojc, Piotr</creator><creator>Maier, Christian</creator><creator>Prechtel, Kathrin</creator><creator>Smetacek, Victor</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ATWCN</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>R05</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030220</creationdate><title>Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection</title><author>Hamm, Christian E. ; 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Psychology</topic><topic>Glass</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>letter</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Needles</topic><topic>Pennales</topic><topic>Phytoplankton</topic><topic>Phytoplankton - chemistry</topic><topic>Phytoplankton - classification</topic><topic>Phytoplankton - cytology</topic><topic>Phytoplankton - physiology</topic><topic>Plants and fungi</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Science (multidisciplinary)</topic><topic>Silica</topic><topic>Silicon Dioxide</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hamm, Christian E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merkel, Rudolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Springer, Olaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jurkojc, Piotr</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maier, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prechtel, Kathrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smetacek, Victor</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Middle School</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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1
. All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two ‘shells’ (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture
2
whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate
3
,
4
,
5
. We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>12594512</pmid><doi>10.1038/nature01416</doi><tpages>3</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0028-0836 |
| ispartof | Nature (London), 2003-02, Vol.421 (6925), p.841-843 |
| issn | 0028-0836 1476-4687 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_743408646 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals; Nature |
| subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Aquatic ecosystems Autoecology Bacillariophyceae Biogeochemical cycles Biological and medical sciences Biology Biomechanical Phenomena Brackish Calibration Carbon - analysis Carbon cycle Cell Wall - chemistry Cell Wall - physiology Centrales Diatoms - chemistry Diatoms - classification Diatoms - cytology Diatoms - physiology Ecosystems Evolution Food Chain Food webs Freshwater Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Glass Humanities and Social Sciences letter Marine multidisciplinary Needles Pennales Phytoplankton Phytoplankton - chemistry Phytoplankton - classification Phytoplankton - cytology Phytoplankton - physiology Plants and fungi Predators Science Science (multidisciplinary) Silica Silicon Dioxide Species Specificity |
| title | Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-10T01%3A16%3A27IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Architecture%20and%20material%20properties%20of%20diatom%20shells%20provide%20effective%20mechanical%20protection&rft.jtitle=Nature%20(London)&rft.au=Hamm,%20Christian%20E.&rft.date=2003-02-20&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6925&rft.spage=841&rft.epage=843&rft.pages=841-843&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft.coden=NATUAS&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nature01416&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA187583505%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=204536134&rft_id=info:pmid/12594512&rft_galeid=A187583505&rfr_iscdi=true |