Bacterial Adhesion on Smooth and Rough Titanium Surfaces After Treatment With Different Instruments

Background: Newly formed biofilm after implant debridement may challenge the long‐term stability of peri‐implant therapy. This in vitro study aimed to assess the roughness and adherence of Streptococcus sanguinis after treatment of smooth and rough titanium surfaces with an erbium‐doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser, metal and plastic curets, and an air‐powder abrasive system. Methods: Forty titanium disks with smooth‐machined surfaces and 40 with sand‐blasted and acid‐etched surfaces were divided into the following treatment groups: Er:YAG laser; plastic curet; metal curet, and air‐powder abrasive system. The surface roughness (roughness average [Ra]) before and after treatments was determined using a profilometer. S. sanguinis (American Type Culture Collection 10556) was grown on treated and untreated specimens, and the amounts of retained bacteria on the surfaces were measured by the culture method. Rough and smooth surfaces with and without a suspension of S. sanguinis were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: For smooth surfaces, the roughest surfaces were produced by metal curets (repeated‐measures analysis of variance [ANOVA] and Tukey test; P 0.05). Rough surfaces treated with metal curets and air‐powder abrasion showed the lowest level of bacterial adhesion (two‐way ANOVA and Tukey test; P