Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high-transmission foci in Nepal
Nepal reports a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) incidence of 5 per 10 000 per year on the basis of notification by health facilities, but little community-based epidemiological information exists. We report data on prevalence rates of Leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in East Nepal. Ten c...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Tropical medicine & international health 2010-07, Vol.15 (s2), p.21-28 |
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| creator | Rijal, Suman Uranw, Surendra Chappuis, François Picado, Albert Khanal, Basudha Paudel, Ishwari S Andersen, Elisabeth W Meheus, Filip Ostyn, Bart Das, Murari L Davies, Clive Boelaert, Marleen |
| description | Nepal reports a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) incidence of 5 per 10 000 per year on the basis of notification by health facilities, but little community-based epidemiological information exists. We report data on prevalence rates of Leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in East Nepal. Ten clusters with highest VL incidence rates were purposefully selected in Nepal. All households were mapped and socio-demographic data and data on past VL incidence were collected. An exhaustive serological survey was performed of individuals aged >2 years, by collecting finger prick blood on filter paper in November-December 2006. The samples were tested by direct agglutination, and a titre ≥1:1600 was taken as marker of infection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to assess risk factors for Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) positivity taking into account the clustering at household and village level. The sero-survey (n = 5397) showed an infection prevalence rate of 9%, (range 5-15% per cluster) with higher prevalence in men (9.9%) than in women (8.3%) (P = 0.049). Male gender, increasing age and poverty were significant risk factors in the final GEE model. Leishmania infection rate in high-transmission areas in Nepal is associated with gender, age and socio-economic status. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02518.x |
| format | Article |
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We report data on prevalence rates of Leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in East Nepal. Ten clusters with highest VL incidence rates were purposefully selected in Nepal. All households were mapped and socio-demographic data and data on past VL incidence were collected. An exhaustive serological survey was performed of individuals aged >2 years, by collecting finger prick blood on filter paper in November-December 2006. The samples were tested by direct agglutination, and a titre ≥1:1600 was taken as marker of infection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to assess risk factors for Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) positivity taking into account the clustering at household and village level. The sero-survey (n = 5397) showed an infection prevalence rate of 9%, (range 5-15% per cluster) with higher prevalence in men (9.9%) than in women (8.3%) (P = 0.049). Male gender, increasing age and poverty were significant risk factors in the final GEE model. 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We report data on prevalence rates of Leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in East Nepal. Ten clusters with highest VL incidence rates were purposefully selected in Nepal. All households were mapped and socio-demographic data and data on past VL incidence were collected. An exhaustive serological survey was performed of individuals aged >2 years, by collecting finger prick blood on filter paper in November-December 2006. The samples were tested by direct agglutination, and a titre ≥1:1600 was taken as marker of infection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to assess risk factors for Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) positivity taking into account the clustering at household and village level. The sero-survey (n = 5397) showed an infection prevalence rate of 9%, (range 5-15% per cluster) with higher prevalence in men (9.9%) than in women (8.3%) (P = 0.049). Male gender, increasing age and poverty were significant risk factors in the final GEE model. Leishmania infection rate in high-transmission areas in Nepal is associated with gender, age and socio-economic status.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>DAT</subject><subject>Epidemiologic Methods</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Family Characteristics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>infection</subject><subject>kala‐azar</subject><subject>Leishmania donovani</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - transmission</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nepal</subject><subject>Nepal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Nutritional Status</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>visceral leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1360-2276</issn><issn>1365-3156</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkElPwzAUhC0EomX5CxBx4ZTiPfaBA6rKIpVFopwtJ7FbV0lc4hbaf4_TAgdO2AePnr8ZPQ0ACYIDFM_VfIAIZylBjA8wjFOIGRKD9R7o_37sbzVMMc54DxyFMIcQUsr4IehhSEVGMeqDl9HClaZ2vvLTTeJtMjYuzGrdOJ2UvvEfUSWusaZYOt9ElczcdJYuW92E2oXQDa0vOiZ5MgtdnYADq6tgTr_fY_B2O5oM79Px893D8GacFowwkWZQY2lZjrEsUJmXlklZlhbmhRW44DSTUDDEMcotipdwxEwEeZ4xrCEpyTG43OUuWv--MmGp4jqFqSrdGL8KKiNECiogjuTFH3LuV20Tl1OEcUk5kyJCYgcVrQ-hNVYtWlfrdqMQVF3naq66alVXreo6V9vO1Tpaz77zV3ltyl_jT8kRuN4Bn64ym38Hq8njQ6ei_3znt9orPW1dUG-vkSQQCSolheQLSR2YTg</recordid><startdate>201007</startdate><enddate>201007</enddate><creator>Rijal, Suman</creator><creator>Uranw, Surendra</creator><creator>Chappuis, François</creator><creator>Picado, Albert</creator><creator>Khanal, Basudha</creator><creator>Paudel, Ishwari S</creator><creator>Andersen, Elisabeth W</creator><creator>Meheus, Filip</creator><creator>Ostyn, Bart</creator><creator>Das, Murari L</creator><creator>Davies, Clive</creator><creator>Boelaert, Marleen</creator><general>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201007</creationdate><title>Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high-transmission foci in Nepal</title><author>Rijal, Suman ; Uranw, Surendra ; Chappuis, François ; Picado, Albert ; Khanal, Basudha ; Paudel, Ishwari S ; Andersen, Elisabeth W ; Meheus, Filip ; Ostyn, Bart ; Das, Murari L ; Davies, Clive ; Boelaert, Marleen</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5358-70a29f5b229c1dbdf599ddf0bcf82c64790851621bf1f1f3615ec1d6b752a03d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>DAT</topic><topic>Epidemiologic Methods</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Family Characteristics</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>infection</topic><topic>kala‐azar</topic><topic>Leishmania donovani</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology</topic><topic>Leishmaniasis, Visceral - transmission</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nepal</topic><topic>Nepal - epidemiology</topic><topic>Nutritional Status</topic><topic>Parasitic diseases</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Social Class</topic><topic>visceral leishmaniasis</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rijal, Suman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uranw, Surendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chappuis, François</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Picado, Albert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khanal, Basudha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paudel, Ishwari S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andersen, Elisabeth W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meheus, Filip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ostyn, Bart</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Das, Murari L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davies, Clive</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boelaert, Marleen</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Tropical medicine & international health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rijal, Suman</au><au>Uranw, Surendra</au><au>Chappuis, François</au><au>Picado, Albert</au><au>Khanal, Basudha</au><au>Paudel, Ishwari S</au><au>Andersen, Elisabeth W</au><au>Meheus, Filip</au><au>Ostyn, Bart</au><au>Das, Murari L</au><au>Davies, Clive</au><au>Boelaert, Marleen</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high-transmission foci in Nepal</atitle><jtitle>Tropical medicine & international health</jtitle><addtitle>Trop Med Int Health</addtitle><date>2010-07</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>s2</issue><spage>21</spage><epage>28</epage><pages>21-28</pages><issn>1360-2276</issn><eissn>1365-3156</eissn><abstract>Nepal reports a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) incidence of 5 per 10 000 per year on the basis of notification by health facilities, but little community-based epidemiological information exists. We report data on prevalence rates of Leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in East Nepal. Ten clusters with highest VL incidence rates were purposefully selected in Nepal. All households were mapped and socio-demographic data and data on past VL incidence were collected. An exhaustive serological survey was performed of individuals aged >2 years, by collecting finger prick blood on filter paper in November-December 2006. The samples were tested by direct agglutination, and a titre ≥1:1600 was taken as marker of infection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to assess risk factors for Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) positivity taking into account the clustering at household and village level. The sero-survey (n = 5397) showed an infection prevalence rate of 9%, (range 5-15% per cluster) with higher prevalence in men (9.9%) than in women (8.3%) (P = 0.049). Male gender, increasing age and poverty were significant risk factors in the final GEE model. Leishmania infection rate in high-transmission areas in Nepal is associated with gender, age and socio-economic status.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>20487421</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02518.x</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Age Factors Child Child, Preschool DAT Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Family Characteristics Female Humans infection kala‐azar Leishmania donovani Leishmaniasis, Visceral - epidemiology Leishmaniasis, Visceral - transmission Male Middle Aged Nepal Nepal - epidemiology Nutritional Status Parasitic diseases Risk factors Sex Factors Social Class visceral leishmaniasis Young Adult |
| title | Epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high-transmission foci in Nepal |
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