Polyarteritis nodosa: a human temporal bone study

Abstract Purpose Polyarteritis nodosa is one of the common forms of vasculitis with multiorgan involvement. Hearing loss may be the presenting symptom of this disease. The aim of this histopathologic study was to evaluate temporal bone changes in polyarteritis nodosa and assess the correlation between otologic manifestations and histopathologic findings. Materials and methods A retrospective human temporal bone analysis was performed at an otopathology laboratory in a tertiary academic medical center. Three cases (5 temporal bones) with pathologically confirmed diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa were selected for study. The processed temporal bone sections were studied under light microscopy. Results Two of the 3 cases presented with hearing loss, and one of them had facial palsy. Audiometric data available for one patient demonstrated a bilateral, rapidly progressive, mixed hearing loss. Histopathologically, we found generalized vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries in all cases. Of the 5 temporal bones available for study, 3 had chronic otitis media and 2 had serous otitis media. Arteritis was seen in all middle ears. There was disruption of the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion cells in 4 temporal bones. One temporal bone showed fibrosis and osteogenesis in the scala tympani of the basal turn. Vasculitis of stylomastoid and branches of labyrinthine artery were also found in temporal bones. Conclusions Significant temporal bone findings were seen in patients with polyarteritis nodosa, including otitis media, cochlear damage, neo-osteogenesis, and middle and inner ear vasculitis. This temporal bone series also suggests an interesting relationship between sensorineural hearing loss and labyrinthine vasculitis.