Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depe...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2010-02, Vol.133 (2), p.125-132 |
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| creator | Chiang, C.C. Chang, C.J. Peh, H.C. Chen, S.E. Yu, B. Chen, M.T. Nagahata, H. |
| description | Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depend directly on intracellular Ca
2+ concentration ((Ca
2+)
i), the present study aimed to determine the changes in Ca
2+ homeostasis of milk PMNs from lactating goats compared to autologous blood PMNs, and to examine the significance of these variations to the immuno-competency of milk PMNs. The intracellular Ca
2+ store of freshly prepared milk cells was estimated from the elevation of (Ca
2+)
i after ionomycin treatment, which was found to be significantly less than blood PMNs. Replenishment of the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells after intracellular Ca
2+ depletion by Bapta-AM followed by spiking with 2.5
mM Ca
2+ for 20
min was also compared to that of blood PMNs, showing that after depletion/spiking the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells was much less than blood PMNs. The production of superoxide anion (O
2
−) in vitro in response to (Ca
2+)
i-dependent or (Ca
2+)
i-independent modulators was used to evaluate the relevance of altered Ca
2+ homeostasis on the immuno-competency of milk cells compared to blood PMNs. The results indicated that milk cells produced similarly low levels of O
2
− as blood PMNs when treated with ionomycin. However, the amount of O
2
− produced by milk cells in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, although greater than ionomycin treatment, was significantly less than that of blood PMNs. The capacity for O
2
− production by both cell types in response to PMA reverted to the resting state with use of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an irreversible shortage of intracellular Ca
2+ in the milk PMNs of lactating goats compared to blood PMNs. It also showed that preliminary O
2
–production, primed by ionomycin treatment, remained unchanged in milk PMNs, despite the shortage in intracellular Ca
2+, but decreased O
2
− production capacity, mediated via the PKC pathway, in milk PMN. It is suggested that the defects in Ca
2+ homeostasis in milk PMNs of lactating goats is partially attributable for the post-diapedesis functionality modifications. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.007 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_733889118</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0165242709002384</els_id><sourcerecordid>733889118</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-2be465311518905100c7582a403a220ed0676f76d53b97a55c3c2a5fdab90ac53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kD2P1DAQhi0E4paDf4DAHVWWsR3HSYOEVnxJJ1HA1ZZjT3a9JHGwnRP8e7xkJTqqKeZ5Z149hLxksGfAmrfn_QNmP017DtDtQe0B1COyY60SFZeifkx2BZMVr7m6Ic9SOgOA7Nr2KblhnRKiBrEj8WBG69eJnsKEIWWTfKJmdtTnRCOOJvswp5NfaA40rQvG8Ms7pEsMbrWXJfUz7ccQ3N_Y5McfdMY1x7Cc_JhoGOhobC535iM9BpPTc_JkMGPCF9d5S-4_fvh--Fzdff305fD-rrKilbniPdaNFIxJ1nYgGYBVsuWm1DacAzpoVDOoxknRd8pIaYXlRg7O9B0YK8UtebPdLV1_rpiynnyyOI5mxrAmXRS0bcdYW8h6I20MKUUc9BL9ZOJvzUBfZOuz3mTri2wNShfZJfbq-mDtJ3T_Qle7BXi9AYMJ2hyjT_r-GwcmgKkyGBTi3UZgEfHgMepkPc4WnY9os3bB_7_DHwtsnRo</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>733889118</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats</title><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete - AutoHoldings</source><source>MEDLINE</source><creator>Chiang, C.C. ; Chang, C.J. ; Peh, H.C. ; Chen, S.E. ; Yu, B. ; Chen, M.T. ; Nagahata, H.</creator><creatorcontrib>Chiang, C.C. ; Chang, C.J. ; Peh, H.C. ; Chen, S.E. ; Yu, B. ; Chen, M.T. ; Nagahata, H.</creatorcontrib><description>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depend directly on intracellular Ca
2+ concentration ((Ca
2+)
i), the present study aimed to determine the changes in Ca
2+ homeostasis of milk PMNs from lactating goats compared to autologous blood PMNs, and to examine the significance of these variations to the immuno-competency of milk PMNs. The intracellular Ca
2+ store of freshly prepared milk cells was estimated from the elevation of (Ca
2+)
i after ionomycin treatment, which was found to be significantly less than blood PMNs. Replenishment of the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells after intracellular Ca
2+ depletion by Bapta-AM followed by spiking with 2.5
mM Ca
2+ for 20
min was also compared to that of blood PMNs, showing that after depletion/spiking the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells was much less than blood PMNs. The production of superoxide anion (O
2
−) in vitro in response to (Ca
2+)
i-dependent or (Ca
2+)
i-independent modulators was used to evaluate the relevance of altered Ca
2+ homeostasis on the immuno-competency of milk cells compared to blood PMNs. The results indicated that milk cells produced similarly low levels of O
2
− as blood PMNs when treated with ionomycin. However, the amount of O
2
− produced by milk cells in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, although greater than ionomycin treatment, was significantly less than that of blood PMNs. The capacity for O
2
− production by both cell types in response to PMA reverted to the resting state with use of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an irreversible shortage of intracellular Ca
2+ in the milk PMNs of lactating goats compared to blood PMNs. It also showed that preliminary O
2
–production, primed by ionomycin treatment, remained unchanged in milk PMNs, despite the shortage in intracellular Ca
2+, but decreased O
2
− production capacity, mediated via the PKC pathway, in milk PMN. It is suggested that the defects in Ca
2+ homeostasis in milk PMNs of lactating goats is partially attributable for the post-diapedesis functionality modifications.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0165-2427</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2534</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.007</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19733403</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Animals ; Apoptosis - drug effects ; Blood ; blood chemistry ; blood sampling ; Ca 2+ homeostasis ; calcium ; Calcium - metabolism ; dietary minerals ; Female ; females ; Goat ; goat milk ; goats ; Goats - blood ; Goats - immunology ; Goats - metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Immunity, Innate ; immunocompetence ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ionomycin - pharmacology ; Ionophores - pharmacology ; lactation ; Lactation - blood ; Lactation - immunology ; Lactation - metabolism ; Mammary Glands, Animal - cytology ; Mammary Glands, Animal - immunology ; Mammary Glands, Animal - metabolism ; Milk ; Milk - cytology ; Milk - immunology ; Milk - metabolism ; milk analysis ; milk composition ; nannygoats ; neutrophils ; Neutrophils - drug effects ; Neutrophils - immunology ; Neutrophils - metabolism ; O 2− production ; PMN ; Protein Kinase C - antagonists & inhibitors ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology ; ruminant nutrition ; somatic cells ; Staurosporine - pharmacology ; superoxide anion ; Superoxides - blood ; Superoxides - metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - pharmacology</subject><ispartof>Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2010-02, Vol.133 (2), p.125-132</ispartof><rights>2009 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-2be465311518905100c7582a403a220ed0676f76d53b97a55c3c2a5fdab90ac53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-2be465311518905100c7582a403a220ed0676f76d53b97a55c3c2a5fdab90ac53</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.007$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3549,27923,27924,45994</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19733403$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chiang, C.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, C.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peh, H.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, S.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, M.T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagahata, H.</creatorcontrib><title>Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats</title><title>Veterinary immunology and immunopathology</title><addtitle>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</addtitle><description>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depend directly on intracellular Ca
2+ concentration ((Ca
2+)
i), the present study aimed to determine the changes in Ca
2+ homeostasis of milk PMNs from lactating goats compared to autologous blood PMNs, and to examine the significance of these variations to the immuno-competency of milk PMNs. The intracellular Ca
2+ store of freshly prepared milk cells was estimated from the elevation of (Ca
2+)
i after ionomycin treatment, which was found to be significantly less than blood PMNs. Replenishment of the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells after intracellular Ca
2+ depletion by Bapta-AM followed by spiking with 2.5
mM Ca
2+ for 20
min was also compared to that of blood PMNs, showing that after depletion/spiking the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells was much less than blood PMNs. The production of superoxide anion (O
2
−) in vitro in response to (Ca
2+)
i-dependent or (Ca
2+)
i-independent modulators was used to evaluate the relevance of altered Ca
2+ homeostasis on the immuno-competency of milk cells compared to blood PMNs. The results indicated that milk cells produced similarly low levels of O
2
− as blood PMNs when treated with ionomycin. However, the amount of O
2
− produced by milk cells in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, although greater than ionomycin treatment, was significantly less than that of blood PMNs. The capacity for O
2
− production by both cell types in response to PMA reverted to the resting state with use of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an irreversible shortage of intracellular Ca
2+ in the milk PMNs of lactating goats compared to blood PMNs. It also showed that preliminary O
2
–production, primed by ionomycin treatment, remained unchanged in milk PMNs, despite the shortage in intracellular Ca
2+, but decreased O
2
− production capacity, mediated via the PKC pathway, in milk PMN. It is suggested that the defects in Ca
2+ homeostasis in milk PMNs of lactating goats is partially attributable for the post-diapedesis functionality modifications.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis - drug effects</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>blood chemistry</subject><subject>blood sampling</subject><subject>Ca 2+ homeostasis</subject><subject>calcium</subject><subject>Calcium - metabolism</subject><subject>dietary minerals</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>females</subject><subject>Goat</subject><subject>goat milk</subject><subject>goats</subject><subject>Goats - blood</subject><subject>Goats - immunology</subject><subject>Goats - metabolism</subject><subject>Homeostasis</subject><subject>Immunity, Innate</subject><subject>immunocompetence</subject><subject>In Vitro Techniques</subject><subject>Ionomycin - pharmacology</subject><subject>Ionophores - pharmacology</subject><subject>lactation</subject><subject>Lactation - blood</subject><subject>Lactation - immunology</subject><subject>Lactation - metabolism</subject><subject>Mammary Glands, Animal - cytology</subject><subject>Mammary Glands, Animal - immunology</subject><subject>Mammary Glands, Animal - metabolism</subject><subject>Milk</subject><subject>Milk - cytology</subject><subject>Milk - immunology</subject><subject>Milk - metabolism</subject><subject>milk analysis</subject><subject>milk composition</subject><subject>nannygoats</subject><subject>neutrophils</subject><subject>Neutrophils - drug effects</subject><subject>Neutrophils - immunology</subject><subject>Neutrophils - metabolism</subject><subject>O 2− production</subject><subject>PMN</subject><subject>Protein Kinase C - antagonists & inhibitors</subject><subject>Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>ruminant nutrition</subject><subject>somatic cells</subject><subject>Staurosporine - pharmacology</subject><subject>superoxide anion</subject><subject>Superoxides - blood</subject><subject>Superoxides - metabolism</subject><subject>Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - pharmacology</subject><issn>0165-2427</issn><issn>1873-2534</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kD2P1DAQhi0E4paDf4DAHVWWsR3HSYOEVnxJJ1HA1ZZjT3a9JHGwnRP8e7xkJTqqKeZ5Z149hLxksGfAmrfn_QNmP017DtDtQe0B1COyY60SFZeifkx2BZMVr7m6Ic9SOgOA7Nr2KblhnRKiBrEj8WBG69eJnsKEIWWTfKJmdtTnRCOOJvswp5NfaA40rQvG8Ms7pEsMbrWXJfUz7ccQ3N_Y5McfdMY1x7Cc_JhoGOhobC535iM9BpPTc_JkMGPCF9d5S-4_fvh--Fzdff305fD-rrKilbniPdaNFIxJ1nYgGYBVsuWm1DacAzpoVDOoxknRd8pIaYXlRg7O9B0YK8UtebPdLV1_rpiynnyyOI5mxrAmXRS0bcdYW8h6I20MKUUc9BL9ZOJvzUBfZOuz3mTri2wNShfZJfbq-mDtJ3T_Qle7BXi9AYMJ2hyjT_r-GwcmgKkyGBTi3UZgEfHgMepkPc4WnY9os3bB_7_DHwtsnRo</recordid><startdate>20100215</startdate><enddate>20100215</enddate><creator>Chiang, C.C.</creator><creator>Chang, C.J.</creator><creator>Peh, H.C.</creator><creator>Chen, S.E.</creator><creator>Yu, B.</creator><creator>Chen, M.T.</creator><creator>Nagahata, H.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Amsterdam: Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20100215</creationdate><title>Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats</title><author>Chiang, C.C. ; Chang, C.J. ; Peh, H.C. ; Chen, S.E. ; Yu, B. ; Chen, M.T. ; Nagahata, H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-2be465311518905100c7582a403a220ed0676f76d53b97a55c3c2a5fdab90ac53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis - drug effects</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>blood chemistry</topic><topic>blood sampling</topic><topic>Ca 2+ homeostasis</topic><topic>calcium</topic><topic>Calcium - metabolism</topic><topic>dietary minerals</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>females</topic><topic>Goat</topic><topic>goat milk</topic><topic>goats</topic><topic>Goats - blood</topic><topic>Goats - immunology</topic><topic>Goats - metabolism</topic><topic>Homeostasis</topic><topic>Immunity, Innate</topic><topic>immunocompetence</topic><topic>In Vitro Techniques</topic><topic>Ionomycin - pharmacology</topic><topic>Ionophores - pharmacology</topic><topic>lactation</topic><topic>Lactation - blood</topic><topic>Lactation - immunology</topic><topic>Lactation - metabolism</topic><topic>Mammary Glands, Animal - cytology</topic><topic>Mammary Glands, Animal - immunology</topic><topic>Mammary Glands, Animal - metabolism</topic><topic>Milk</topic><topic>Milk - cytology</topic><topic>Milk - immunology</topic><topic>Milk - metabolism</topic><topic>milk analysis</topic><topic>milk composition</topic><topic>nannygoats</topic><topic>neutrophils</topic><topic>Neutrophils - drug effects</topic><topic>Neutrophils - immunology</topic><topic>Neutrophils - metabolism</topic><topic>O 2− production</topic><topic>PMN</topic><topic>Protein Kinase C - antagonists & inhibitors</topic><topic>Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology</topic><topic>ruminant nutrition</topic><topic>somatic cells</topic><topic>Staurosporine - pharmacology</topic><topic>superoxide anion</topic><topic>Superoxides - blood</topic><topic>Superoxides - metabolism</topic><topic>Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - pharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chiang, C.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chang, C.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peh, H.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, S.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, M.T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagahata, H.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Veterinary immunology and immunopathology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chiang, C.C.</au><au>Chang, C.J.</au><au>Peh, H.C.</au><au>Chen, S.E.</au><au>Yu, B.</au><au>Chen, M.T.</au><au>Nagahata, H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats</atitle><jtitle>Veterinary immunology and immunopathology</jtitle><addtitle>Vet Immunol Immunopathol</addtitle><date>2010-02-15</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>133</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>125</spage><epage>132</epage><pages>125-132</pages><issn>0165-2427</issn><eissn>1873-2534</eissn><abstract>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which comprise over 70% of the somatic cells in goat milk, are a major cellular component of innate immunity in the goat mammary gland. However, the function of milk PMNs is modified after diapedesis compared to PMNs in blood. As many aspects of PMN activity depend directly on intracellular Ca
2+ concentration ((Ca
2+)
i), the present study aimed to determine the changes in Ca
2+ homeostasis of milk PMNs from lactating goats compared to autologous blood PMNs, and to examine the significance of these variations to the immuno-competency of milk PMNs. The intracellular Ca
2+ store of freshly prepared milk cells was estimated from the elevation of (Ca
2+)
i after ionomycin treatment, which was found to be significantly less than blood PMNs. Replenishment of the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells after intracellular Ca
2+ depletion by Bapta-AM followed by spiking with 2.5
mM Ca
2+ for 20
min was also compared to that of blood PMNs, showing that after depletion/spiking the intracellular Ca
2+ store in milk cells was much less than blood PMNs. The production of superoxide anion (O
2
−) in vitro in response to (Ca
2+)
i-dependent or (Ca
2+)
i-independent modulators was used to evaluate the relevance of altered Ca
2+ homeostasis on the immuno-competency of milk cells compared to blood PMNs. The results indicated that milk cells produced similarly low levels of O
2
− as blood PMNs when treated with ionomycin. However, the amount of O
2
− produced by milk cells in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, although greater than ionomycin treatment, was significantly less than that of blood PMNs. The capacity for O
2
− production by both cell types in response to PMA reverted to the resting state with use of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an irreversible shortage of intracellular Ca
2+ in the milk PMNs of lactating goats compared to blood PMNs. It also showed that preliminary O
2
–production, primed by ionomycin treatment, remained unchanged in milk PMNs, despite the shortage in intracellular Ca
2+, but decreased O
2
− production capacity, mediated via the PKC pathway, in milk PMN. It is suggested that the defects in Ca
2+ homeostasis in milk PMNs of lactating goats is partially attributable for the post-diapedesis functionality modifications.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>19733403</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.007</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0165-2427 |
| ispartof | Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2010-02, Vol.133 (2), p.125-132 |
| issn | 0165-2427 1873-2534 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_733889118 |
| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete - AutoHoldings; MEDLINE |
| subjects | Animals Apoptosis - drug effects Blood blood chemistry blood sampling Ca 2+ homeostasis calcium Calcium - metabolism dietary minerals Female females Goat goat milk goats Goats - blood Goats - immunology Goats - metabolism Homeostasis Immunity, Innate immunocompetence In Vitro Techniques Ionomycin - pharmacology Ionophores - pharmacology lactation Lactation - blood Lactation - immunology Lactation - metabolism Mammary Glands, Animal - cytology Mammary Glands, Animal - immunology Mammary Glands, Animal - metabolism Milk Milk - cytology Milk - immunology Milk - metabolism milk analysis milk composition nannygoats neutrophils Neutrophils - drug effects Neutrophils - immunology Neutrophils - metabolism O 2− production PMN Protein Kinase C - antagonists & inhibitors Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology ruminant nutrition somatic cells Staurosporine - pharmacology superoxide anion Superoxides - blood Superoxides - metabolism Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate - pharmacology |
| title | Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats |
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