Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm
Background and Objectives A frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser is shown to selectively ablate dental calculus. The optimal transverse shape of the laser beam, including its variability under water‐cooling, is determined for selective ablation of dental calculus. Study Design/Materials and Methods I...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 2010-01, Vol.42 (1), p.51-61 |
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| creator | Schoenly, Joshua E. Seka, Wolf Rechmann, Peter |
| description | Background and Objectives
A frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser is shown to selectively ablate dental calculus. The optimal transverse shape of the laser beam, including its variability under water‐cooling, is determined for selective ablation of dental calculus.
Study Design/Materials and Methods
Intensity profiles under various water‐cooling conditions were optically observed. The 400‐nm laser was coupled into a multimode optical fiber using an f = 2.5‐cm lens and light‐shaping diffuser. Water‐cooling was supplied coaxially around the fiber. Five human tooth samples (four with calculus and one pristine) were irradiated perpendicular to the tooth surface while the tooth was moved back and forth at 0.3 mm/second, varying between 20 and 180 iterations. The teeth were imaged before and after irradiation using light microscopy with a flashing blue light‐emitting diode (LED). An environmental scanning electron microscope imaged each tooth after irradiation.
Results
High‐order super‐Gaussian intensity profiles are observed at the output of a fiber coiled around a 4‐in. diameter drum. Super‐Gaussian beams have a more‐homogenous fluence distribution than Gaussian beams and have a higher energy efficiency for selective ablation. Coaxial water‐cooling does not noticeably distort the intensity distribution within 1 mm from the optical fiber. In contrast, lasers focused to a Gaussian cross section (≤50‐µm diameter) without fiber propagation and cooled by a water spray are heavily distorted and may lead to variable ablation. Calculus is preferentially ablated at high fluences (≥2 J/cm2); below this fluence, stalling occurs because of photo‐bleaching of the calculus. Healthy dental hard tissue is not removed at fluences ≤3 J/cm2.
Conclusion
Supplying laser light to a tooth using an optical fiber with coaxial water‐cooling is determined to be the most appropriate method when selectively removing calculus with a frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser. Fluences over 2 J/cm2 are required to remove calculus efficiently since photo‐bleaching stalls calculus removal below that value. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:51–61, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/lsm.20884 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_733529875</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>733529875</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3884-a105a9720f5009a9a837a84f944dd789f2328d3bc45d0ff5ea2158d6bf0536433</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc9uFSEUxonR2Gt14QsYXBkX0x5gGJiFC3PVtsm1Jv6JSTeEYcA7ysB1YKrdufWZ-g4-hE8iOm13LjiQnN_3hXM-hB4SOCAA9NCn8YCClPUttCLQNlVLgNxGKyDlLaGle-heSp8BgFEQd9EeBRCilnKF8kk4tykPn3QeYsBDyBHnrcVxl4dxHnFn9YjTVu8s1qHHzs82GItdnHCy3po8nJdO5xd5dLi3IWuPjfZm9nPCOuNfl79__HxWTg1QahjvoztO-2QfXN376MOrl-_Xx9XmzdHJ-vmmMqwMU2kCXLeCguMArW61ZELL2rV13fdCto4yKnvWmZr34By3mhIu-6ZzwFlTM7aPHi--sUyokhmyNVsTQyj_VsWYQ1OYJwuzm-LXuaxCjUMy1nsdbJyTEoxx2krBC_l0Ic0UU5qsU7tpGPV0oQiovzmokoP6l0NhH125zt1o-xvyevEFOFyAb4O3F_93Upt3r68tq0UxpGy_3yj09EU1ggmuPp4eqbOz9QsmT98qwv4Am5ij-Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>733529875</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library All Journals</source><creator>Schoenly, Joshua E. ; Seka, Wolf ; Rechmann, Peter</creator><creatorcontrib>Schoenly, Joshua E. ; Seka, Wolf ; Rechmann, Peter ; Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester</creatorcontrib><description>Background and Objectives
A frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser is shown to selectively ablate dental calculus. The optimal transverse shape of the laser beam, including its variability under water‐cooling, is determined for selective ablation of dental calculus.
Study Design/Materials and Methods
Intensity profiles under various water‐cooling conditions were optically observed. The 400‐nm laser was coupled into a multimode optical fiber using an f = 2.5‐cm lens and light‐shaping diffuser. Water‐cooling was supplied coaxially around the fiber. Five human tooth samples (four with calculus and one pristine) were irradiated perpendicular to the tooth surface while the tooth was moved back and forth at 0.3 mm/second, varying between 20 and 180 iterations. The teeth were imaged before and after irradiation using light microscopy with a flashing blue light‐emitting diode (LED). An environmental scanning electron microscope imaged each tooth after irradiation.
Results
High‐order super‐Gaussian intensity profiles are observed at the output of a fiber coiled around a 4‐in. diameter drum. Super‐Gaussian beams have a more‐homogenous fluence distribution than Gaussian beams and have a higher energy efficiency for selective ablation. Coaxial water‐cooling does not noticeably distort the intensity distribution within 1 mm from the optical fiber. In contrast, lasers focused to a Gaussian cross section (≤50‐µm diameter) without fiber propagation and cooled by a water spray are heavily distorted and may lead to variable ablation. Calculus is preferentially ablated at high fluences (≥2 J/cm2); below this fluence, stalling occurs because of photo‐bleaching of the calculus. Healthy dental hard tissue is not removed at fluences ≤3 J/cm2.
Conclusion
Supplying laser light to a tooth using an optical fiber with coaxial water‐cooling is determined to be the most appropriate method when selectively removing calculus with a frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser. Fluences over 2 J/cm2 are required to remove calculus efficiently since photo‐bleaching stalls calculus removal below that value. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:51–61, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0196-8092</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-9101</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20884</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20077488</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><subject>calculus removal ; Dental Calculus - pathology ; Dental Calculus - surgery ; Dental Calculus - ultrastructure ; Dental Cementum - pathology ; Dental Cementum - radiation effects ; Dental Cementum - ultrastructure ; Dental Enamel - pathology ; Dental Enamel - radiation effects ; Dental Enamel - ultrastructure ; Dental Scaling - instrumentation ; Energy Transfer ; Equipment Design ; fiber application ; frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser ; Humans ; Laser Therapy - instrumentation ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Optical Fibers ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; water cooling</subject><ispartof>Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2010-01, Vol.42 (1), p.51-61</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3884-a105a9720f5009a9a837a84f944dd789f2328d3bc45d0ff5ea2158d6bf0536433</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3884-a105a9720f5009a9a837a84f944dd789f2328d3bc45d0ff5ea2158d6bf0536433</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Flsm.20884$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Flsm.20884$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,885,1416,27923,27924,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20077488$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/972506$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Schoenly, Joshua E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seka, Wolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rechmann, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester</creatorcontrib><title>Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm</title><title>Lasers in Surgery and Medicine</title><addtitle>Lasers Surg. Med</addtitle><description>Background and Objectives
A frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser is shown to selectively ablate dental calculus. The optimal transverse shape of the laser beam, including its variability under water‐cooling, is determined for selective ablation of dental calculus.
Study Design/Materials and Methods
Intensity profiles under various water‐cooling conditions were optically observed. The 400‐nm laser was coupled into a multimode optical fiber using an f = 2.5‐cm lens and light‐shaping diffuser. Water‐cooling was supplied coaxially around the fiber. Five human tooth samples (four with calculus and one pristine) were irradiated perpendicular to the tooth surface while the tooth was moved back and forth at 0.3 mm/second, varying between 20 and 180 iterations. The teeth were imaged before and after irradiation using light microscopy with a flashing blue light‐emitting diode (LED). An environmental scanning electron microscope imaged each tooth after irradiation.
Results
High‐order super‐Gaussian intensity profiles are observed at the output of a fiber coiled around a 4‐in. diameter drum. Super‐Gaussian beams have a more‐homogenous fluence distribution than Gaussian beams and have a higher energy efficiency for selective ablation. Coaxial water‐cooling does not noticeably distort the intensity distribution within 1 mm from the optical fiber. In contrast, lasers focused to a Gaussian cross section (≤50‐µm diameter) without fiber propagation and cooled by a water spray are heavily distorted and may lead to variable ablation. Calculus is preferentially ablated at high fluences (≥2 J/cm2); below this fluence, stalling occurs because of photo‐bleaching of the calculus. Healthy dental hard tissue is not removed at fluences ≤3 J/cm2.
Conclusion
Supplying laser light to a tooth using an optical fiber with coaxial water‐cooling is determined to be the most appropriate method when selectively removing calculus with a frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser. Fluences over 2 J/cm2 are required to remove calculus efficiently since photo‐bleaching stalls calculus removal below that value. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:51–61, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><subject>calculus removal</subject><subject>Dental Calculus - pathology</subject><subject>Dental Calculus - surgery</subject><subject>Dental Calculus - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Dental Cementum - pathology</subject><subject>Dental Cementum - radiation effects</subject><subject>Dental Cementum - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Dental Enamel - pathology</subject><subject>Dental Enamel - radiation effects</subject><subject>Dental Enamel - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Dental Scaling - instrumentation</subject><subject>Energy Transfer</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>fiber application</subject><subject>frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Laser Therapy - instrumentation</subject><subject>Lasers, Solid-State</subject><subject>Optical Fibers</subject><subject>Tissue Culture Techniques</subject><subject>water cooling</subject><issn>0196-8092</issn><issn>1096-9101</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc9uFSEUxonR2Gt14QsYXBkX0x5gGJiFC3PVtsm1Jv6JSTeEYcA7ysB1YKrdufWZ-g4-hE8iOm13LjiQnN_3hXM-hB4SOCAA9NCn8YCClPUttCLQNlVLgNxGKyDlLaGle-heSp8BgFEQd9EeBRCilnKF8kk4tykPn3QeYsBDyBHnrcVxl4dxHnFn9YjTVu8s1qHHzs82GItdnHCy3po8nJdO5xd5dLi3IWuPjfZm9nPCOuNfl79__HxWTg1QahjvoztO-2QfXN376MOrl-_Xx9XmzdHJ-vmmMqwMU2kCXLeCguMArW61ZELL2rV13fdCto4yKnvWmZr34By3mhIu-6ZzwFlTM7aPHi--sUyokhmyNVsTQyj_VsWYQ1OYJwuzm-LXuaxCjUMy1nsdbJyTEoxx2krBC_l0Ic0UU5qsU7tpGPV0oQiovzmokoP6l0NhH125zt1o-xvyevEFOFyAb4O3F_93Upt3r68tq0UxpGy_3yj09EU1ggmuPp4eqbOz9QsmT98qwv4Am5ij-Q</recordid><startdate>201001</startdate><enddate>201001</enddate><creator>Schoenly, Joshua E.</creator><creator>Seka, Wolf</creator><creator>Rechmann, Peter</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201001</creationdate><title>Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm</title><author>Schoenly, Joshua E. ; Seka, Wolf ; Rechmann, Peter</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3884-a105a9720f5009a9a837a84f944dd789f2328d3bc45d0ff5ea2158d6bf0536433</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>calculus removal</topic><topic>Dental Calculus - pathology</topic><topic>Dental Calculus - surgery</topic><topic>Dental Calculus - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Dental Cementum - pathology</topic><topic>Dental Cementum - radiation effects</topic><topic>Dental Cementum - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Dental Enamel - pathology</topic><topic>Dental Enamel - radiation effects</topic><topic>Dental Enamel - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Dental Scaling - instrumentation</topic><topic>Energy Transfer</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>fiber application</topic><topic>frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Laser Therapy - instrumentation</topic><topic>Lasers, Solid-State</topic><topic>Optical Fibers</topic><topic>Tissue Culture Techniques</topic><topic>water cooling</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Schoenly, Joshua E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seka, Wolf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rechmann, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Lasers in Surgery and Medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Schoenly, Joshua E.</au><au>Seka, Wolf</au><au>Rechmann, Peter</au><aucorp>Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm</atitle><jtitle>Lasers in Surgery and Medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Lasers Surg. Med</addtitle><date>2010-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>42</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>51</spage><epage>61</epage><pages>51-61</pages><issn>0196-8092</issn><eissn>1096-9101</eissn><abstract>Background and Objectives
A frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser is shown to selectively ablate dental calculus. The optimal transverse shape of the laser beam, including its variability under water‐cooling, is determined for selective ablation of dental calculus.
Study Design/Materials and Methods
Intensity profiles under various water‐cooling conditions were optically observed. The 400‐nm laser was coupled into a multimode optical fiber using an f = 2.5‐cm lens and light‐shaping diffuser. Water‐cooling was supplied coaxially around the fiber. Five human tooth samples (four with calculus and one pristine) were irradiated perpendicular to the tooth surface while the tooth was moved back and forth at 0.3 mm/second, varying between 20 and 180 iterations. The teeth were imaged before and after irradiation using light microscopy with a flashing blue light‐emitting diode (LED). An environmental scanning electron microscope imaged each tooth after irradiation.
Results
High‐order super‐Gaussian intensity profiles are observed at the output of a fiber coiled around a 4‐in. diameter drum. Super‐Gaussian beams have a more‐homogenous fluence distribution than Gaussian beams and have a higher energy efficiency for selective ablation. Coaxial water‐cooling does not noticeably distort the intensity distribution within 1 mm from the optical fiber. In contrast, lasers focused to a Gaussian cross section (≤50‐µm diameter) without fiber propagation and cooled by a water spray are heavily distorted and may lead to variable ablation. Calculus is preferentially ablated at high fluences (≥2 J/cm2); below this fluence, stalling occurs because of photo‐bleaching of the calculus. Healthy dental hard tissue is not removed at fluences ≤3 J/cm2.
Conclusion
Supplying laser light to a tooth using an optical fiber with coaxial water‐cooling is determined to be the most appropriate method when selectively removing calculus with a frequency‐doubled Ti:sapphire laser. Fluences over 2 J/cm2 are required to remove calculus efficiently since photo‐bleaching stalls calculus removal below that value. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:51–61, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</pub><pmid>20077488</pmid><doi>10.1002/lsm.20884</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | calculus removal Dental Calculus - pathology Dental Calculus - surgery Dental Calculus - ultrastructure Dental Cementum - pathology Dental Cementum - radiation effects Dental Cementum - ultrastructure Dental Enamel - pathology Dental Enamel - radiation effects Dental Enamel - ultrastructure Dental Scaling - instrumentation Energy Transfer Equipment Design fiber application frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser Humans Laser Therapy - instrumentation Lasers, Solid-State Optical Fibers Tissue Culture Techniques water cooling |
| title | Investigation into the optimum beam shape and fluence for selective ablation of dental calculus at λ = 400 nm |
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