In situ fermentation monitoring with recombinant firefly luciferase

A novel method is described for the on‐line determination of viable cell number. It has been tested in fermentations of Escherichia coli. The cells are transfected with the gene for firefly luciferase and fed low levels of luciferin in the medium. The reaction requires ATP, so the nonviable cells cannot produce light. Thus, light production is linear with viable cell density from innoculation through most of exponential growth. The light emitted by these cells is then conducted from the reaction vessel to the light detection equipment by an optical fiber. With the equipment described below, as few as a 106 cells/mL, or an OD600 of 0.004, are easily detectable and concentrations greater than 1010 cells/mL are well within range. The data are collected by a computer, so adaptation to on‐line control applications is straightforward. During lag phase, this method is much more accurate then optical density measurements. At the end of exponential growth, rapid changes in light production mark carbon source depletion and the onset of cell lysis. A simple model accounts for the luciferin used during the fermentation and corrects the light detected to the proper cell density. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.