Proteins from bovine tissues and biological fluids: Defining a reference electrophoresis map for liver, kidney, muscle, plasma and red blood cells

A number of high resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE) reference maps for bovine tissues and biological fluids have been determined for animals in basal state. Among the 1863 distinct protein features detected in samples of liver, kidney, muscle, plasma and red blood cells, 509 species were identified and associated to 209 different genes. Difficulties in the identification were related to the poorly characterized Bos taurus genome and were solved by a combined matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation‐mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry approach. The experimental output allowed us to establish a 2‐DE database accessible through the World Wide Web network at the URL address (http://www.iabbam.na.cnr.it/Biochem). These reference maps may serve as a tool in future veterinary medical studies aimed at the evaluation of changes in protein repertoire for altered animal physiological conditions and infectious diseases, to the definition of molecular markers for novel diagnostic kits and vaccines, as well as the characterization of protein modifications in bovine materials following technological processes used in the food industry.