Fundus reflectance—historical and present ideas

In 1851 Helmholtz introduced the ophthalmoscope. The instrument allowed the observation of light reflected at the fundus. The development of this device was one of the major advancements in ophthalmology. Yet ophthalmoscopy allows only qualitative observation of the eye. Since 1950 attempts were mad...

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Veröffentlicht in:Progress in retinal and eye research 2003-03, Vol.22 (2), p.171-200
Hauptverfasser: Berendschot, Tos T.J.M, DeLint, Peter Jaap, Norren, Dirk van
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DeLint, Peter Jaap
Norren, Dirk van
description In 1851 Helmholtz introduced the ophthalmoscope. The instrument allowed the observation of light reflected at the fundus. The development of this device was one of the major advancements in ophthalmology. Yet ophthalmoscopy allows only qualitative observation of the eye. Since 1950 attempts were made to address the challenging, quantitative assessment of the amount of light reflected by the fundus. At first, only comparative measurements were possible, applied in the study of macular and visual pigments. With improvements in light detecting techniques, and with the advent of microprocessors, the measurement of spectral and spatial distribution of the reflectance became feasible. This led to the development of models that explained the observed wavelength dependence and the directional behavior of light reflected from the fovea. The models allowed a quantitative assessment of many parameters on absorption and reflection by structures in the human eye. This paper provides a review of both the experimental and theoretical progress, and summarizes the results of fundamental and clinical research using fundus reflectometry.
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subjects Cone
Densitometry
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological - history
Eye - anatomy & histology
Eye Diseases - diagnosis
Eye Diseases - physiopathology
History, 19th Century
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Macular pigment
Melanin
Models, Biological
Ocular Physiological Phenomena
Ocular reflectors
Ophthalmology - instrumentation
Ophthalmology - methods
Ophthalmoscopes - history
Ophthalmoscopes - trends
Photoreceptor
Reflectometry
Review
Rod
Scanning laser opthalmoscope
Spectrophotometry - methods
Stiles–Crawford
Visual pigment
title Fundus reflectance—historical and present ideas
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