Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas
Criollo cacao ( Theobroma cacao ssp. cacao ) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Heredity 2002-11, Vol.89 (5), p.380-386 |
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| creator | Motamayor, J C Risterucci, A M Lopez, P A Ortiz, C F Moreno, A Lanaud, C |
| description | Criollo cacao (
Theobroma cacao
ssp.
cacao
) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included in the second morphogeographic group: Forastero, and assigned to
T. cacao
ssp.
sphaerocarpum
. To gain further insight into the origin and genetic basis of Criollo cacao from Central America, RFLP and microsatellite analyses were performed on a sample that avoided mixing pure Criollo individuals with individuals classified as Criollo but which might have been introgressed with Forastero genes. We distinguished these two types of individuals as Ancient and Modern Criollo. In contrast to previous studies, Ancient Criollo individuals formerly classified as ‘wild’, were found to form a closely related group together with Ancient Criollo individuals from South America. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156 |
| format | Article |
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Theobroma cacao
ssp.
cacao
) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included in the second morphogeographic group: Forastero, and assigned to
T. cacao
ssp.
sphaerocarpum
. To gain further insight into the origin and genetic basis of Criollo cacao from Central America, RFLP and microsatellite analyses were performed on a sample that avoided mixing pure Criollo individuals with individuals classified as Criollo but which might have been introgressed with Forastero genes. We distinguished these two types of individuals as Ancient and Modern Criollo. In contrast to previous studies, Ancient Criollo individuals formerly classified as ‘wild’, were found to form a closely related group together with Ancient Criollo individuals from South America. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-067X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2540</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12399997</identifier><identifier>CODEN: HDTYAT</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Cacao - genetics ; Central America ; Cytogenetics ; DNA, Plant - analysis ; Domestication ; Ecology ; Evolutionary Biology ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic Variation ; Homozygosity ; Human Genetics ; Microsatellite Repeats - genetics ; original-article ; Plant Genetics and Genomics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; South America</subject><ispartof>Heredity, 2002-11, Vol.89 (5), p.380-386</ispartof><rights>The Genetical Society of Great Britain 2002</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Nov 2002</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c517t-68e6e8342cc2a5093f6679dbcdf29240f0615a7b84d734f714045325f03b56b83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c517t-68e6e8342cc2a5093f6679dbcdf29240f0615a7b84d734f714045325f03b56b83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2727,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399997$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Motamayor, J C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Risterucci, A M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopez, P A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortiz, C F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreno, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lanaud, C</creatorcontrib><title>Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas</title><title>Heredity</title><addtitle>Heredity</addtitle><addtitle>Heredity (Edinb)</addtitle><description>Criollo cacao (
Theobroma cacao
ssp.
cacao
) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included in the second morphogeographic group: Forastero, and assigned to
T. cacao
ssp.
sphaerocarpum
. To gain further insight into the origin and genetic basis of Criollo cacao from Central America, RFLP and microsatellite analyses were performed on a sample that avoided mixing pure Criollo individuals with individuals classified as Criollo but which might have been introgressed with Forastero genes. We distinguished these two types of individuals as Ancient and Modern Criollo. In contrast to previous studies, Ancient Criollo individuals formerly classified as ‘wild’, were found to form a closely related group together with Ancient Criollo individuals from South America. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America.</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Cacao - genetics</subject><subject>Central America</subject><subject>Cytogenetics</subject><subject>DNA, Plant - analysis</subject><subject>Domestication</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology</subject><subject>Genes, Plant</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Homozygosity</subject><subject>Human Genetics</subject><subject>Microsatellite Repeats - genetics</subject><subject>original-article</subject><subject>Plant Genetics and Genomics</subject><subject>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</subject><subject>South America</subject><issn>0018-067X</issn><issn>1365-2540</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc9LwzAUx4Mobk6v3pTiwVu3l6RJWm8ynA4mXhS8hTRNt46tmUkr7L83-6EDQcw7hLz3ed-85IvQJYY-BpoO_Lw_K9Z9ngJgxo9QF1POYsISOEbdkEtj4OK9g868nwMAFSQ7RR1MaBaW6KLRUGllo8IujW8qrZrK1tH4LmpmJrKumlZ1ZMvtSW9B3S6a6lM1pojy9Tb_rNbKn6OTUi28udjvPfQ2engdPsWTl8fx8H4Sa4ZFE_PUcJPShGhNFIOMlpyLrMh1UZKMJFACx0yJPE0KQZNS4AQSRgkrgeaM5yntodud7srZjzaMLJeV12axULWxrZeC8BBZ9i-IU8YY5xDAm1_g3LauDo-QhADmGdCNWn8HaWe9d6aUK1ctlVtLDHLjg_RzGXyQex9Cw_Vetc2Xpjjg-48PwGAH-FCqp8Ydrv1T8mrXUaumdeZH8rv-BUGHmyc</recordid><startdate>20021101</startdate><enddate>20021101</enddate><creator>Motamayor, J C</creator><creator>Risterucci, A M</creator><creator>Lopez, P A</creator><creator>Ortiz, C F</creator><creator>Moreno, A</creator><creator>Lanaud, C</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20021101</creationdate><title>Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas</title><author>Motamayor, J C ; Risterucci, A M ; Lopez, P A ; Ortiz, C F ; Moreno, A ; Lanaud, C</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c517t-68e6e8342cc2a5093f6679dbcdf29240f0615a7b84d734f714045325f03b56b83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Cacao - genetics</topic><topic>Central America</topic><topic>Cytogenetics</topic><topic>DNA, Plant - analysis</topic><topic>Domestication</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Evolutionary Biology</topic><topic>Genes, Plant</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Genetic Variation</topic><topic>Homozygosity</topic><topic>Human Genetics</topic><topic>Microsatellite Repeats - genetics</topic><topic>original-article</topic><topic>Plant Genetics and Genomics</topic><topic>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</topic><topic>South America</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Motamayor, J C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Risterucci, A M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopez, P A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortiz, C F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moreno, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lanaud, C</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Heredity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Motamayor, J C</au><au>Risterucci, A M</au><au>Lopez, P A</au><au>Ortiz, C F</au><au>Moreno, A</au><au>Lanaud, C</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas</atitle><jtitle>Heredity</jtitle><stitle>Heredity</stitle><addtitle>Heredity (Edinb)</addtitle><date>2002-11-01</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>89</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>380</spage><epage>386</epage><pages>380-386</pages><issn>0018-067X</issn><eissn>1365-2540</eissn><coden>HDTYAT</coden><abstract>Criollo cacao (
Theobroma cacao
ssp.
cacao
) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included in the second morphogeographic group: Forastero, and assigned to
T. cacao
ssp.
sphaerocarpum
. To gain further insight into the origin and genetic basis of Criollo cacao from Central America, RFLP and microsatellite analyses were performed on a sample that avoided mixing pure Criollo individuals with individuals classified as Criollo but which might have been introgressed with Forastero genes. We distinguished these two types of individuals as Ancient and Modern Criollo. In contrast to previous studies, Ancient Criollo individuals formerly classified as ‘wild’, were found to form a closely related group together with Ancient Criollo individuals from South America. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>12399997</pmid><doi>10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Heredity, 2002-11, Vol.89 (5), p.380-386 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Nature; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Agriculture Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Cacao - genetics Central America Cytogenetics DNA, Plant - analysis Domestication Ecology Evolutionary Biology Genes, Plant Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Homozygosity Human Genetics Microsatellite Repeats - genetics original-article Plant Genetics and Genomics Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length South America |
| title | Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas |
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