Producing Progeny from Endangered Birds of Prey: Treatment of Urine-Contaminated Semen and a Novel Intramagnal Insemination Approach

Wild raptors brought into an ex situ environment often have poor semen quality that is further compromised by urine contamination. Generally, it is believed that in birds, artificial insemination into the cloaca or caudal vagina of females requires large doses of high-quality spermatozoa to maximize...

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