Effect of swim suit design on passive drag
The drag (D) of seven (7) male swimmers wearing five (5) swimsuits was investigated. The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m x s and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-t...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2004-06, Vol.36 (6), p.1029-1035 |
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| creator | MOLLENDORF, Joseph C TERMIN, Albert C OPPENHEIM, Eric PENDERGAST, David R |
| description | The drag (D) of seven (7) male swimmers wearing five (5) swimsuits was investigated.
The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m x s and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-to-ankle (WA) and waist-to-knee (WK) and briefs (CS).
Differences in total drag among the suits were small, but significant. In terms of least drag at 2.2 m x s, the swimsuits ranked: SK, SA, WA, WK and CS. The drag was decomposed into its pressure drag (DP), skin friction drag (DSF) and wave drag (DW) components using nonlinear regression and classical formulations for each drag component. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number and decreasing frontal area with speed were taken into account. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number location was found to be very close to the swimmers' "leading edge," i.e. the head. Flow was neither completely laminar, nor completely turbulent; but rather, it was transitional over most of the body. The DP contributed the most to drag at low speeds ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1249/01.MSS.0000128179.02306.57 |
| format | Article |
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The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m x s and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-to-ankle (WA) and waist-to-knee (WK) and briefs (CS).
Differences in total drag among the suits were small, but significant. In terms of least drag at 2.2 m x s, the swimsuits ranked: SK, SA, WA, WK and CS. The drag was decomposed into its pressure drag (DP), skin friction drag (DSF) and wave drag (DW) components using nonlinear regression and classical formulations for each drag component. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number and decreasing frontal area with speed were taken into account. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number location was found to be very close to the swimmers' "leading edge," i.e. the head. Flow was neither completely laminar, nor completely turbulent; but rather, it was transitional over most of the body. The DP contributed the most to drag at low speeds (<1.0 m x s) and DW the least at all speeds. DSF contributed the most at higher speeds for SA and SK suits, whereas DP and DW were reduced compared with the other suits.
The decomposition of swimmer drag into DSF, DP and DW suggests that increasing DSF on the upper-body of a swimmer reduces DP and DW by tripping the boundary layer and attaching the flow to the body from the shoulder to the knees. It is possible that body suits that cover the torso and legs may reduce drag and improve performance of swimmers.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0195-9131</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1530-0315</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000128179.02306.57</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15179173</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MSPEDA</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher><subject>Adult ; Biological and medical sciences ; Equipment Design ; Friction ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Humans ; Space life sciences ; Swimming ; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</subject><ispartof>Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2004-06, Vol.36 (6), p.1029-1035</ispartof><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-fbf1bc57d6a435a15e7c68f109f24dbec15f439817bf3320914c67933288b843</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-fbf1bc57d6a435a15e7c68f109f24dbec15f439817bf3320914c67933288b843</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15835287$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179173$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>MOLLENDORF, Joseph C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>TERMIN, Albert C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>OPPENHEIM, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PENDERGAST, David R</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of swim suit design on passive drag</title><title>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</title><addtitle>Med Sci Sports Exerc</addtitle><description>The drag (D) of seven (7) male swimmers wearing five (5) swimsuits was investigated.
The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m x s and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-to-ankle (WA) and waist-to-knee (WK) and briefs (CS).
Differences in total drag among the suits were small, but significant. In terms of least drag at 2.2 m x s, the swimsuits ranked: SK, SA, WA, WK and CS. The drag was decomposed into its pressure drag (DP), skin friction drag (DSF) and wave drag (DW) components using nonlinear regression and classical formulations for each drag component. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number and decreasing frontal area with speed were taken into account. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number location was found to be very close to the swimmers' "leading edge," i.e. the head. Flow was neither completely laminar, nor completely turbulent; but rather, it was transitional over most of the body. The DP contributed the most to drag at low speeds (<1.0 m x s) and DW the least at all speeds. DSF contributed the most at higher speeds for SA and SK suits, whereas DP and DW were reduced compared with the other suits.
The decomposition of swimmer drag into DSF, DP and DW suggests that increasing DSF on the upper-body of a swimmer reduces DP and DW by tripping the boundary layer and attaching the flow to the body from the shoulder to the knees. It is possible that body suits that cover the torso and legs may reduce drag and improve performance of swimmers.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Friction</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Space life sciences</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</subject><issn>0195-9131</issn><issn>1530-0315</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkE1Lw0AQhhdRbK3-BQmCHoTEnf3I7nqTUj-g4qG9L5vNbonko2YTxX9vagP15lxmDs87MzwIXQFOgDB1hyF5Xa0SPBQQCUIlmFCcJlwcoSlwimNMgR-jKQbFYwUUJugshPeBF5TCKZoAH1Ig6BTdLrx3tosaH4WvoopCX3RR7kKxqaOmjrYmhOLTRXlrNufoxJsyuIuxz9D6cbGeP8fLt6eX-cMytozILvaZh8xykaeGUW6AO2FT6QErT1ieOQvcM6qGvzNPKcEKmE2FGkYpM8noDN3s127b5qN3odNVEawrS1O7pg9agFIpIeRfECTGnKW7jfd70LZNCK3zetsWlWm_NWC9M6ox6MGoPhjVv0Y1F0P4crzSZ5XLD9FR4QBcj4AJ1pS-NbUtwh9OUk6koD_t4Xxj</recordid><startdate>20040601</startdate><enddate>20040601</enddate><creator>MOLLENDORF, Joseph C</creator><creator>TERMIN, Albert C</creator><creator>OPPENHEIM, Eric</creator><creator>PENDERGAST, David R</creator><general>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040601</creationdate><title>Effect of swim suit design on passive drag</title><author>MOLLENDORF, Joseph C ; TERMIN, Albert C ; OPPENHEIM, Eric ; PENDERGAST, David R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-fbf1bc57d6a435a15e7c68f109f24dbec15f439817bf3320914c67933288b843</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Friction</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Space life sciences</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>MOLLENDORF, Joseph C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>TERMIN, Albert C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>OPPENHEIM, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PENDERGAST, David R</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>MOLLENDORF, Joseph C</au><au>TERMIN, Albert C</au><au>OPPENHEIM, Eric</au><au>PENDERGAST, David R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of swim suit design on passive drag</atitle><jtitle>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</jtitle><addtitle>Med Sci Sports Exerc</addtitle><date>2004-06-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>36</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1029</spage><epage>1035</epage><pages>1029-1035</pages><issn>0195-9131</issn><eissn>1530-0315</eissn><coden>MSPEDA</coden><abstract>The drag (D) of seven (7) male swimmers wearing five (5) swimsuits was investigated.
The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m x s and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-to-ankle (WA) and waist-to-knee (WK) and briefs (CS).
Differences in total drag among the suits were small, but significant. In terms of least drag at 2.2 m x s, the swimsuits ranked: SK, SA, WA, WK and CS. The drag was decomposed into its pressure drag (DP), skin friction drag (DSF) and wave drag (DW) components using nonlinear regression and classical formulations for each drag component. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number and decreasing frontal area with speed were taken into account. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number location was found to be very close to the swimmers' "leading edge," i.e. the head. Flow was neither completely laminar, nor completely turbulent; but rather, it was transitional over most of the body. The DP contributed the most to drag at low speeds (<1.0 m x s) and DW the least at all speeds. DSF contributed the most at higher speeds for SA and SK suits, whereas DP and DW were reduced compared with the other suits.
The decomposition of swimmer drag into DSF, DP and DW suggests that increasing DSF on the upper-body of a swimmer reduces DP and DW by tripping the boundary layer and attaching the flow to the body from the shoulder to the knees. It is possible that body suits that cover the torso and legs may reduce drag and improve performance of swimmers.</abstract><cop>Hagerstown, MD</cop><pub>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</pub><pmid>15179173</pmid><doi>10.1249/01.MSS.0000128179.02306.57</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2004-06, Vol.36 (6), p.1029-1035 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Journals@Ovid LWW Legacy Archive; Journals@Ovid Complete |
| subjects | Adult Biological and medical sciences Equipment Design Friction Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Space life sciences Swimming Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports |
| title | Effect of swim suit design on passive drag |
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