What provides cerebral reserve?
The cerebral reserve hypothesis is a heuristic concept used to explain apparent protection from the onset of cerebral disease and/or cognitive decline in old age. A significant obstacle when investigating the reserve hypothesis is the absence of baseline data with which to compare current cognitive...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Brain (London, England : 1878) England : 1878), 2004-05, Vol.127 (5), p.1191-1199 |
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description | The cerebral reserve hypothesis is a heuristic concept used to explain apparent protection from the onset of cerebral disease and/or cognitive decline in old age. A significant obstacle when investigating the reserve hypothesis is the absence of baseline data with which to compare current cognitive status. We tested the influence of three hypothesized proxies of reserve (education, head size and occupational attainment [OCC]) in 92 volunteers born in 1921, whose cognitive function was measured at age 11 and 79 years, and who underwent brain MRI. The association between each proxy and old age cognitive function was tested, adjusting for variance contributed by childhood mental ability and detrimental age‐related pathological changes measured using MRI. The results showed that education and OCC, but not total intracranial volume (TICV), contribute to cerebral reserve and help retain cognitive function in old age. Education was found to contribute between 5 and 6% of the variance found in old age memory function but was found to have no significant association with reasoning abilities. OCC was found to contribute around 5% of the variance found in old age memory function and between 6 and 8% of the variance found in old age reasoning abilities. We conclude that the intellectual challenges experienced during life, such as education and occupation, accumulate reserve and allow cognitive function to be maintained in old age. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1093/brain/awh144 |
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A significant obstacle when investigating the reserve hypothesis is the absence of baseline data with which to compare current cognitive status. We tested the influence of three hypothesized proxies of reserve (education, head size and occupational attainment [OCC]) in 92 volunteers born in 1921, whose cognitive function was measured at age 11 and 79 years, and who underwent brain MRI. The association between each proxy and old age cognitive function was tested, adjusting for variance contributed by childhood mental ability and detrimental age‐related pathological changes measured using MRI. The results showed that education and OCC, but not total intracranial volume (TICV), contribute to cerebral reserve and help retain cognitive function in old age. Education was found to contribute between 5 and 6% of the variance found in old age memory function but was found to have no significant association with reasoning abilities. OCC was found to contribute around 5% of the variance found in old age memory function and between 6 and 8% of the variance found in old age reasoning abilities. We conclude that the intellectual challenges experienced during life, such as education and occupation, accumulate reserve and allow cognitive function to be maintained in old age.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0006-8950</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1460-2156</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh144</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15047587</identifier><identifier>CODEN: BRAIAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aging - physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; AVLT = Auditory Verbal Learning Test ; BF = brain fraction ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brain - anatomy & histology ; Brain - physiology ; cerebral reserve ; childhood intelligence ; Cognition - physiology ; education ; Educational Status ; Employment ; Female ; GM = grey matter ; head size ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Intelligence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical sciences ; MHT = Moray House Test ; Neurology ; OCC = occupational attainment ; occupation ; Psychological Tests ; RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices ; Selection Bias ; TICV = total intracranial volume ; WM = white matter ; WMH = white matter hyperintensities</subject><ispartof>Brain (London, England : 1878), 2004-05, Vol.127 (5), p.1191-1199</ispartof><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Oxford University Press(England) May 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c451t-e7730812e4e724364ba4739df1cd16894cc48d8df2978bffb73b999a3123c7543</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c451t-e7730812e4e724364ba4739df1cd16894cc48d8df2978bffb73b999a3123c7543</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27929,27930</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15749965$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15047587$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Staff, Roger T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Alison D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deary, Ian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whalley, Lawrence J.</creatorcontrib><title>What provides cerebral reserve?</title><title>Brain (London, England : 1878)</title><addtitle>Brain</addtitle><description>The cerebral reserve hypothesis is a heuristic concept used to explain apparent protection from the onset of cerebral disease and/or cognitive decline in old age. A significant obstacle when investigating the reserve hypothesis is the absence of baseline data with which to compare current cognitive status. We tested the influence of three hypothesized proxies of reserve (education, head size and occupational attainment [OCC]) in 92 volunteers born in 1921, whose cognitive function was measured at age 11 and 79 years, and who underwent brain MRI. The association between each proxy and old age cognitive function was tested, adjusting for variance contributed by childhood mental ability and detrimental age‐related pathological changes measured using MRI. The results showed that education and OCC, but not total intracranial volume (TICV), contribute to cerebral reserve and help retain cognitive function in old age. Education was found to contribute between 5 and 6% of the variance found in old age memory function but was found to have no significant association with reasoning abilities. OCC was found to contribute around 5% of the variance found in old age memory function and between 6 and 8% of the variance found in old age reasoning abilities. We conclude that the intellectual challenges experienced during life, such as education and occupation, accumulate reserve and allow cognitive function to be maintained in old age.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aging - physiology</subject><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>AVLT = Auditory Verbal Learning Test</subject><subject>BF = brain fraction</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brain - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Brain - physiology</subject><subject>cerebral reserve</subject><subject>childhood intelligence</subject><subject>Cognition - physiology</subject><subject>education</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Employment</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>GM = grey matter</subject><subject>head size</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Intelligence</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>MHT = Moray House Test</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>OCC = occupational attainment</subject><subject>occupation</subject><subject>Psychological Tests</subject><subject>RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices</subject><subject>Selection Bias</subject><subject>TICV = total intracranial volume</subject><subject>WM = white matter</subject><subject>WMH = white matter hyperintensities</subject><issn>0006-8950</issn><issn>1460-2156</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0EtLAzEUBeAgiq3VnWstgq4cm5vnZCVa1CoFNxWLm5DJZOjU6cNkWvXfG21RceMqi_tx7s1BaB_wGWBFO5k35bRjXkfA2AZqAhM4IcDFJmpijEWSKo4baCeEMcbAKBHbqAEcM8lT2USHjyNTt-d-tixzF9rWeRcDq7Z3wfmlO99FW4Wpgttbvy30cH016PaS_v3Nbfein1jGoU6clBSnQBxzkjAqWGaYpCovwOYgUsWsZWme5gVRMs2KIpM0U0oZCoRayRltoZNVbjzlZeFCrSdlsK6qzNTNFkFLSCUIif-FoCQmipAIj_7A8Wzhp_ET0cSNhIOI6HSFrJ-F4F2h576cGP-uAevPevVXvXpVb-QH68xFNnH5D173GcHxGphgTVV4M7Vl-OUkU0rw6JKVK0Pt3r7nxj9rIankujd80neXDIacd_WAfgCv0JAj</recordid><startdate>20040501</startdate><enddate>20040501</enddate><creator>Staff, Roger T.</creator><creator>Murray, Alison D.</creator><creator>Deary, Ian J.</creator><creator>Whalley, Lawrence J.</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Publishing Limited (England)</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040501</creationdate><title>What provides cerebral reserve?</title><author>Staff, Roger T. ; Murray, Alison D. ; Deary, Ian J. ; Whalley, Lawrence J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c451t-e7730812e4e724364ba4739df1cd16894cc48d8df2978bffb73b999a3123c7543</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aging - physiology</topic><topic>Analysis of Variance</topic><topic>AVLT = Auditory Verbal Learning Test</topic><topic>BF = brain fraction</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brain - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Brain - physiology</topic><topic>cerebral reserve</topic><topic>childhood intelligence</topic><topic>Cognition - physiology</topic><topic>education</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Employment</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>GM = grey matter</topic><topic>head size</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Intelligence</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>MHT = Moray House Test</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>OCC = occupational attainment</topic><topic>occupation</topic><topic>Psychological Tests</topic><topic>RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices</topic><topic>Selection Bias</topic><topic>TICV = total intracranial volume</topic><topic>WM = white matter</topic><topic>WMH = white matter hyperintensities</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Staff, Roger T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Alison D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deary, Ian J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whalley, Lawrence J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Brain (London, England : 1878)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Staff, Roger T.</au><au>Murray, Alison D.</au><au>Deary, Ian J.</au><au>Whalley, Lawrence J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>What provides cerebral reserve?</atitle><jtitle>Brain (London, England : 1878)</jtitle><addtitle>Brain</addtitle><date>2004-05-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>127</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1191</spage><epage>1199</epage><pages>1191-1199</pages><issn>0006-8950</issn><eissn>1460-2156</eissn><coden>BRAIAK</coden><abstract>The cerebral reserve hypothesis is a heuristic concept used to explain apparent protection from the onset of cerebral disease and/or cognitive decline in old age. A significant obstacle when investigating the reserve hypothesis is the absence of baseline data with which to compare current cognitive status. We tested the influence of three hypothesized proxies of reserve (education, head size and occupational attainment [OCC]) in 92 volunteers born in 1921, whose cognitive function was measured at age 11 and 79 years, and who underwent brain MRI. The association between each proxy and old age cognitive function was tested, adjusting for variance contributed by childhood mental ability and detrimental age‐related pathological changes measured using MRI. The results showed that education and OCC, but not total intracranial volume (TICV), contribute to cerebral reserve and help retain cognitive function in old age. Education was found to contribute between 5 and 6% of the variance found in old age memory function but was found to have no significant association with reasoning abilities. OCC was found to contribute around 5% of the variance found in old age memory function and between 6 and 8% of the variance found in old age reasoning abilities. We conclude that the intellectual challenges experienced during life, such as education and occupation, accumulate reserve and allow cognitive function to be maintained in old age.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>15047587</pmid><doi>10.1093/brain/awh144</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current) |
subjects | Aged Aging - physiology Analysis of Variance AVLT = Auditory Verbal Learning Test BF = brain fraction Biological and medical sciences Brain - anatomy & histology Brain - physiology cerebral reserve childhood intelligence Cognition - physiology education Educational Status Employment Female GM = grey matter head size Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Intelligence Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical sciences MHT = Moray House Test Neurology OCC = occupational attainment occupation Psychological Tests RPM = Raven’s Progressive Matrices Selection Bias TICV = total intracranial volume WM = white matter WMH = white matter hyperintensities |
title | What provides cerebral reserve? |
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