Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy as the Primary Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Results Following the Introduction of a CT Planning Technique
The objective of this study was to review the results of our policy of primary radiotherapy (RT) and salvage cystectomy for transitional carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in the light of changes in our radiotherapy planning procedure, in particular the introduction of CT planning. The case notes of 163...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)) 2002-04, Vol.14 (2), p.141-147 |
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| creator | Borgaonkar, S. Jain, A. Bollina, P. Mclaren, D.B. Tulloch, D. Kerr, G.R. Howard, G.C.W. |
| description | The objective of this study was to review the results of our policy of primary radiotherapy (RT) and salvage cystectomy for transitional carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in the light of changes in our radiotherapy planning procedure, in particular the introduction of CT planning.
The case notes of 163 patients treated with radical radiotherapy using a CT planning technique were examined. The main endpoint for assessment was response at the time of the check cystoscopy 6 months after the completion of treatment. In addition survival was estimated by stage of disease and by response at the time of first cystoscopy. Patterns of relapse and time to relapse were analysed. All percentages quoted in the text use the initial 163 patients as the denominator.
One hundred patients (61%) achieved a complete response. The complete response rate was significantly related to T stage at presentation being 90% for TI, 75% for T2, and 53% for T3 disease respectively. Of these patients 78 remain disease free in the bladder (47%). Twenty-two have relapsed in the bladder, of whom 5 have also relapsed at metastatic sites. Fifteen patients have relapsed outside the bladder whilst remaining disease free within the bladder. At the time of last follow up or death from other causes 63 of the 100 patients who had a complete response remained disease free with an intact bladder.
There were 18 (11%) partial responders. Seven of these patients went on to have a cystectomy. Ten remain alive, 7 disease free, 4 with intact bladders. In 24 patients (15%) there was no response and these patients have all died, the median survival being 10 months.
In 21 patients (13%) a postradiotherapy cystoscopy was not performed. In all but one patient, who was lost to follow up, this was because of progressive disease. The median survival of these 20 patients was 6 months.
Of the 163 patients 35% are alive and well with an intact bladder. If patients dying from other causes are included then 42% were rendered disease free. Cause specific survival was significantly related to stage of disease at presentation with 5 year actuarial survival being 87%, 48% and 26%, for T1, T2 and T3 disease respectively. Survival was also related to response to treatment at 6 months with 5 year survival being 64%, and 52% for complete and partial responders respectively. Survival was extremely poor for non-responders with only 37.5% surviving 1 year and none 5 years. There was a highly significant relationship between response |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1053/clon.2002.0055 |
| format | Article |
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The case notes of 163 patients treated with radical radiotherapy using a CT planning technique were examined. The main endpoint for assessment was response at the time of the check cystoscopy 6 months after the completion of treatment. In addition survival was estimated by stage of disease and by response at the time of first cystoscopy. Patterns of relapse and time to relapse were analysed. All percentages quoted in the text use the initial 163 patients as the denominator.
One hundred patients (61%) achieved a complete response. The complete response rate was significantly related to T stage at presentation being 90% for TI, 75% for T2, and 53% for T3 disease respectively. Of these patients 78 remain disease free in the bladder (47%). Twenty-two have relapsed in the bladder, of whom 5 have also relapsed at metastatic sites. Fifteen patients have relapsed outside the bladder whilst remaining disease free within the bladder. At the time of last follow up or death from other causes 63 of the 100 patients who had a complete response remained disease free with an intact bladder.
There were 18 (11%) partial responders. Seven of these patients went on to have a cystectomy. Ten remain alive, 7 disease free, 4 with intact bladders. In 24 patients (15%) there was no response and these patients have all died, the median survival being 10 months.
In 21 patients (13%) a postradiotherapy cystoscopy was not performed. In all but one patient, who was lost to follow up, this was because of progressive disease. The median survival of these 20 patients was 6 months.
Of the 163 patients 35% are alive and well with an intact bladder. If patients dying from other causes are included then 42% were rendered disease free. Cause specific survival was significantly related to stage of disease at presentation with 5 year actuarial survival being 87%, 48% and 26%, for T1, T2 and T3 disease respectively. Survival was also related to response to treatment at 6 months with 5 year survival being 64%, and 52% for complete and partial responders respectively. Survival was extremely poor for non-responders with only 37.5% surviving 1 year and none 5 years. There was a highly significant relationship between response and the development of, and the time to developing metastatic disease. Of those who exhibited a response 21% developed metastatic disease compared to 78% of non-responders. Salvage cystectomy offers the possibility of cure in those who achieve a complete or partial response with 42% of such patients being rendered disease free. Results however are poor in those who did not respond with all patients dying of their disease.
Response rates for all stages, and survival for stages T1 and T2 are much improved from those previously reported from this centre and compare favourably with other published series. These results confirm the place of radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy in the management of TCC of the bladder in selected patients. In about one-third of patients the desired outcome of curing the patient of their cancer with organ preservation is achieved. The prognostic significance of cystoscopic response at 6 months and stage at presentation is confirmed. The outcome for patients with early stage disease is excellent. The relationship between response and the development of metastatic disease would suggest that even if these patients had had a primary cystectomy they may have fared badly, a conclusion supported by the fact that these results are comparable with surgical series. This series supports the role of radiotherapy in the management of this disease and suggests that modern RT techniques including CT planning have had a beneficial effect on the results of radical radiotherapy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0936-6555</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1433-2981</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1053/clon.2002.0055</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12069124</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Aged ; Biological and medical sciences ; Bladder, cancer, radiotherapy, CT planning ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - diagnostic imaging ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - mortality ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - radiotherapy ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - surgery ; Cystectomy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; Salvage Therapy ; Survival Rate ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumors of the urinary system ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - mortality ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - radiotherapy ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - surgery ; Urinary tract. Prostate gland</subject><ispartof>Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 2002-04, Vol.14 (2), p.141-147</ispartof><rights>2002 The Royal College of Radiologists</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-3cde84b9a80ba2f800fcd76cc2dbeb870ff0673495ff831d87d0991629392add3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-3cde84b9a80ba2f800fcd76cc2dbeb870ff0673495ff831d87d0991629392add3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0936655502900555$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14714628$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12069124$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Borgaonkar, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jain, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bollina, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mclaren, D.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulloch, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerr, G.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howard, G.C.W.</creatorcontrib><title>Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy as the Primary Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Results Following the Introduction of a CT Planning Technique</title><title>Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))</title><addtitle>Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)</addtitle><description>The objective of this study was to review the results of our policy of primary radiotherapy (RT) and salvage cystectomy for transitional carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in the light of changes in our radiotherapy planning procedure, in particular the introduction of CT planning.
The case notes of 163 patients treated with radical radiotherapy using a CT planning technique were examined. The main endpoint for assessment was response at the time of the check cystoscopy 6 months after the completion of treatment. In addition survival was estimated by stage of disease and by response at the time of first cystoscopy. Patterns of relapse and time to relapse were analysed. All percentages quoted in the text use the initial 163 patients as the denominator.
One hundred patients (61%) achieved a complete response. The complete response rate was significantly related to T stage at presentation being 90% for TI, 75% for T2, and 53% for T3 disease respectively. Of these patients 78 remain disease free in the bladder (47%). Twenty-two have relapsed in the bladder, of whom 5 have also relapsed at metastatic sites. Fifteen patients have relapsed outside the bladder whilst remaining disease free within the bladder. At the time of last follow up or death from other causes 63 of the 100 patients who had a complete response remained disease free with an intact bladder.
There were 18 (11%) partial responders. Seven of these patients went on to have a cystectomy. Ten remain alive, 7 disease free, 4 with intact bladders. In 24 patients (15%) there was no response and these patients have all died, the median survival being 10 months.
In 21 patients (13%) a postradiotherapy cystoscopy was not performed. In all but one patient, who was lost to follow up, this was because of progressive disease. The median survival of these 20 patients was 6 months.
Of the 163 patients 35% are alive and well with an intact bladder. If patients dying from other causes are included then 42% were rendered disease free. Cause specific survival was significantly related to stage of disease at presentation with 5 year actuarial survival being 87%, 48% and 26%, for T1, T2 and T3 disease respectively. Survival was also related to response to treatment at 6 months with 5 year survival being 64%, and 52% for complete and partial responders respectively. Survival was extremely poor for non-responders with only 37.5% surviving 1 year and none 5 years. There was a highly significant relationship between response and the development of, and the time to developing metastatic disease. Of those who exhibited a response 21% developed metastatic disease compared to 78% of non-responders. Salvage cystectomy offers the possibility of cure in those who achieve a complete or partial response with 42% of such patients being rendered disease free. Results however are poor in those who did not respond with all patients dying of their disease.
Response rates for all stages, and survival for stages T1 and T2 are much improved from those previously reported from this centre and compare favourably with other published series. These results confirm the place of radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy in the management of TCC of the bladder in selected patients. In about one-third of patients the desired outcome of curing the patient of their cancer with organ preservation is achieved. The prognostic significance of cystoscopic response at 6 months and stage at presentation is confirmed. The outcome for patients with early stage disease is excellent. The relationship between response and the development of metastatic disease would suggest that even if these patients had had a primary cystectomy they may have fared badly, a conclusion supported by the fact that these results are comparable with surgical series. This series supports the role of radiotherapy in the management of this disease and suggests that modern RT techniques including CT planning have had a beneficial effect on the results of radical radiotherapy.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bladder, cancer, radiotherapy, CT planning</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - mortality</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - radiotherapy</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - surgery</subject><subject>Cystectomy</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Neoplasm Recurrence, Local</subject><subject>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</subject><subject>Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Salvage Therapy</subject><subject>Survival Rate</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Tumors of the urinary system</subject><subject>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - mortality</subject><subject>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - radiotherapy</subject><subject>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - surgery</subject><subject>Urinary tract. Prostate gland</subject><issn>0936-6555</issn><issn>1433-2981</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kTtvFDEUhS0EIptAS4ncQDeDH_OwSxiRECmIKCy15fUjMfLYiz0TtH-LX4jNrpSKxlfy_e7x9TkAvMGoxainH5SPoSUIkRahvn8GNrijtCGc4edggzgdmqHv-zNwnvNPVDDG-EtwhgkaOCbdBvy5k9op6WGtcXkwSe4PUAYNv0v_KO8NnA55MWqJc7nOsBDwNrlZpgP8KkMBZhMWGC3cJhmyW1wMRW0yvhwyKRfiLGu7Dn7yUmuTWnhn8uqXDC-j9_G3C_f_2tdhSVGvqmrUEQmnLbz1MoRKbI16CO7Xal6BF1b6bF6f6gX4cfl5O31pbr5dXU8fbxrV0WFpqNKGdTsuGdpJYhlCVulxUIrondmxEVmLhpF2vLeWUazZqBHneCCcclL2pBfg_VF3n2J5Ni9idlmVj8lg4prFiBkhA8MFbI-gSjHnZKzYHx0SGImakqgpiZqSqCmVgbcn5XU3G_2En2IpwLsTIHMJxxZrlctPXDfibiCscOzImeLDozNJZOVMUEa7VDITOrr_7fAXNaSxMw</recordid><startdate>20020401</startdate><enddate>20020401</enddate><creator>Borgaonkar, S.</creator><creator>Jain, A.</creator><creator>Bollina, P.</creator><creator>Mclaren, D.B.</creator><creator>Tulloch, D.</creator><creator>Kerr, G.R.</creator><creator>Howard, G.C.W.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20020401</creationdate><title>Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy as the Primary Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Results Following the Introduction of a CT Planning Technique</title><author>Borgaonkar, S. ; Jain, A. ; Bollina, P. ; Mclaren, D.B. ; Tulloch, D. ; Kerr, G.R. ; Howard, G.C.W.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-3cde84b9a80ba2f800fcd76cc2dbeb870ff0673495ff831d87d0991629392add3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bladder, cancer, radiotherapy, CT planning</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - mortality</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - radiotherapy</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - surgery</topic><topic>Cystectomy</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Neoplasm Recurrence, Local</topic><topic>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</topic><topic>Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Salvage Therapy</topic><topic>Survival Rate</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Tumors of the urinary system</topic><topic>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - mortality</topic><topic>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - radiotherapy</topic><topic>Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - surgery</topic><topic>Urinary tract. Prostate gland</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Borgaonkar, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jain, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bollina, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mclaren, D.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulloch, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kerr, G.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Howard, G.C.W.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Borgaonkar, S.</au><au>Jain, A.</au><au>Bollina, P.</au><au>Mclaren, D.B.</au><au>Tulloch, D.</au><au>Kerr, G.R.</au><au>Howard, G.C.W.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy as the Primary Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Results Following the Introduction of a CT Planning Technique</atitle><jtitle>Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)</addtitle><date>2002-04-01</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>141</spage><epage>147</epage><pages>141-147</pages><issn>0936-6555</issn><eissn>1433-2981</eissn><abstract>The objective of this study was to review the results of our policy of primary radiotherapy (RT) and salvage cystectomy for transitional carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in the light of changes in our radiotherapy planning procedure, in particular the introduction of CT planning.
The case notes of 163 patients treated with radical radiotherapy using a CT planning technique were examined. The main endpoint for assessment was response at the time of the check cystoscopy 6 months after the completion of treatment. In addition survival was estimated by stage of disease and by response at the time of first cystoscopy. Patterns of relapse and time to relapse were analysed. All percentages quoted in the text use the initial 163 patients as the denominator.
One hundred patients (61%) achieved a complete response. The complete response rate was significantly related to T stage at presentation being 90% for TI, 75% for T2, and 53% for T3 disease respectively. Of these patients 78 remain disease free in the bladder (47%). Twenty-two have relapsed in the bladder, of whom 5 have also relapsed at metastatic sites. Fifteen patients have relapsed outside the bladder whilst remaining disease free within the bladder. At the time of last follow up or death from other causes 63 of the 100 patients who had a complete response remained disease free with an intact bladder.
There were 18 (11%) partial responders. Seven of these patients went on to have a cystectomy. Ten remain alive, 7 disease free, 4 with intact bladders. In 24 patients (15%) there was no response and these patients have all died, the median survival being 10 months.
In 21 patients (13%) a postradiotherapy cystoscopy was not performed. In all but one patient, who was lost to follow up, this was because of progressive disease. The median survival of these 20 patients was 6 months.
Of the 163 patients 35% are alive and well with an intact bladder. If patients dying from other causes are included then 42% were rendered disease free. Cause specific survival was significantly related to stage of disease at presentation with 5 year actuarial survival being 87%, 48% and 26%, for T1, T2 and T3 disease respectively. Survival was also related to response to treatment at 6 months with 5 year survival being 64%, and 52% for complete and partial responders respectively. Survival was extremely poor for non-responders with only 37.5% surviving 1 year and none 5 years. There was a highly significant relationship between response and the development of, and the time to developing metastatic disease. Of those who exhibited a response 21% developed metastatic disease compared to 78% of non-responders. Salvage cystectomy offers the possibility of cure in those who achieve a complete or partial response with 42% of such patients being rendered disease free. Results however are poor in those who did not respond with all patients dying of their disease.
Response rates for all stages, and survival for stages T1 and T2 are much improved from those previously reported from this centre and compare favourably with other published series. These results confirm the place of radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy in the management of TCC of the bladder in selected patients. In about one-third of patients the desired outcome of curing the patient of their cancer with organ preservation is achieved. The prognostic significance of cystoscopic response at 6 months and stage at presentation is confirmed. The outcome for patients with early stage disease is excellent. The relationship between response and the development of metastatic disease would suggest that even if these patients had had a primary cystectomy they may have fared badly, a conclusion supported by the fact that these results are comparable with surgical series. This series supports the role of radiotherapy in the management of this disease and suggests that modern RT techniques including CT planning have had a beneficial effect on the results of radical radiotherapy.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>12069124</pmid><doi>10.1053/clon.2002.0055</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 2002-04, Vol.14 (2), p.141-147 |
| issn | 0936-6555 1433-2981 |
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| subjects | Aged Biological and medical sciences Bladder, cancer, radiotherapy, CT planning Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - diagnostic imaging Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - mortality Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - radiotherapy Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - surgery Cystectomy Female Humans Male Medical sciences Neoplasm Recurrence, Local Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted Salvage Therapy Survival Rate Tomography, X-Ray Computed Treatment Outcome Tumors of the urinary system Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - mortality Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - radiotherapy Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - surgery Urinary tract. Prostate gland |
| title | Radical Radiotherapy and Salvage Cystectomy as the Primary Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Results Following the Introduction of a CT Planning Technique |
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