Strategies to overcome immune ignorance and tolerance

Cancer poses a difficult problem for immunotherapy because it arises from the host’s own tissues. Many of the target antigens are tissue-specific molecules shared by cancer cells and normal cells. Thus, these are weak antigens that do not typically elicit immunity. In addition, tumors have several features that make their recognition and destruction by the immune system difficult. Despite these obstacles, several strategies for developing effective tumor immunity have been developed. Crucial to these approaches is the discovery and understanding of the molecular identity of antigens and the mechanisms involved in tumor immunity. In this review, strategies to overcome immune ignorance and tolerance are discussed.