Immunologic monitoring

The development of reliable in vitro assays that could allow the quantitation and characterization of anti‐donor alloimmune responses has always been a goal in clinical transplantation, both to predict presensitization to the transplanted tissue and to be able to identify rejection without resorting to more invasive tests. With recent development in our understanding of transplantation biology and therapeutics, there is a real expectation that these tests may be used to identify tolerance as much as to predict rejection. The traditional limiting dilution assays still have a contribution to make and are being complemented by an array of tools, such as ELISpot, flow cytometry‐based techniques, and microarray analysis. The assays that have been informative, to date, are discussed in this review. This information will lead, at least, to a better understanding of how and when the rejection process occurs. More interestingly, the objective is to apply this information to evaluate tolerance‐inducing strategies or to identify patients that have become tolerant to their graft and can be weaned of immunosuppression. Of course sensitive, accurate and specific immunologic monitoring has applications well beyond the field of transplantation.