Free-Energy Calculations of Protein−Ligand Cation−π and Amino−π Interactions: From Vacuum to Proteinlike Environments

To probe the role of cation−π and amino−π interactions in the context of protein−ligand interactions, the stability of 55 X-ray cation/amino−π motifs involving the Ade moieties of cofactor molecules and Arg, Lys, Asn, or Gln side chains of their host protein was evaluated using quantum chemistry calculations. The conjunction of vacuum interaction energies, vibrational entropy, and solvation contributions led to identify Arg−Ade as the most favorable cation/amino−π complex in the solvents considered, followed by Asn/Gln−Ade and Lys−Ade: their minimum interaction free energies are approximately equal to −7, −4, and −2 kcal/mol, respectively, in the solvents of dielectric constant similar to that estimated for proteins (i.e., acetone, THF, and CCl4). Remarkably, these free-energy values of cation/amino−π interactions correlate well with their frequency of occurrences in protein−ligand structures, which corroborates our approach in the absence of experimental data.