Morphologic and functional development of whole human fetal stomachs grafted into nude mice

To study in vivo the cellular differentiation and secretion of human developing fetal stomach, ethically and technically impossible to perform in utero, 256 fetal stomachs were xenografted. Human stomachs from 6‐ to 10‐week‐old fetuses were grafted for 1–273 days into nude mice. Biopsies for immunohistochemistry, hybridization and electron microscopy were taken and a catheter introduced into the human stomach. Macroscopic growth was fast and cells in S phase were numerous during the first 9 weeks, then the stomach size was stable and the gastric mucosa, of adult type, remained normal. In situ hybridization detected only a minute mouse mesenchymal chimerism in the graft. Chromogranin A, intrinsic factor and H+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase were immunohistolocally detected in epithelial cells 20 days after grafting, gastrin was detected after 30 days and pepsinogen after 60 days. The pH in gastric juice, which was at 8.0 ± 0.1 from days 10–25, dropped from 4.39 ± 1.80 at 30 days to 1.58 ± 0.29 at 90 days. Intrinsic factor was stable and pepsin ranged from 6.8 ± 7.8 to 134 ± 51 units at 90 days. The differentiation of the epithelial cells in xenografts was very accelerated in comparison to that in utero.