Relationships between Throwing Mechanics and Shoulder Distraction in Professional Baseball Pitchers
The extreme forces and torques and the high speeds and excessive ranges of motion of baseball pitching place tremendous stress on the soft tissues of the throwing shoulder. Little is known about the relationship between pitching mechanics and shoulder joint stress, especially in professional athlete...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The American journal of sports medicine 2001-05, Vol.29 (3), p.354-358 |
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| container_title | The American journal of sports medicine |
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| creator | Werner, Sherry L. Gill, Thomas J. Murray, Tricia A. Cook, Timothy D. Hawkins, Richard J. |
| description | The extreme forces and torques and the high speeds and excessive ranges of motion of baseball pitching place tremendous stress on the soft tissues of the throwing shoulder. Little is known about the relationship between pitching mechanics and shoulder joint stress, especially in professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to quantify joint loads and kinematic parameters of pitching mechanics at the major league level and to study their relationships. Three-dimensional, high-speed video data were collected on 40 professional pitchers during the 1998 Cactus League spring training. A clinically significant distraction force was calculated at the shoulder joint, which reached an average peak value of 947±162 N (108%±16% body weight). Descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to relate shoulder distraction to kinematic and kinetic parameters of pitching mechanics. This study was undertaken not only to investigate the peak forces and torques on the shoulder, but also to identify potential areas of intervention that might prevent throwing injuries. Knowledge of joint ranges of motion, angular velocities, and joint-reaction forces can provide a scientific basis for improved preventive and rehabilitative protocols for baseball pitchers. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1177/03635465010290031701 |
| format | Article |
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Little is known about the relationship between pitching mechanics and shoulder joint stress, especially in professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to quantify joint loads and kinematic parameters of pitching mechanics at the major league level and to study their relationships. Three-dimensional, high-speed video data were collected on 40 professional pitchers during the 1998 Cactus League spring training. A clinically significant distraction force was calculated at the shoulder joint, which reached an average peak value of 947±162 N (108%±16% body weight). Descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to relate shoulder distraction to kinematic and kinetic parameters of pitching mechanics. This study was undertaken not only to investigate the peak forces and torques on the shoulder, but also to identify potential areas of intervention that might prevent throwing injuries. 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Psychology ; Humans ; Injuries ; Male ; musculoskeletal system ; Pitchers (Baseball) ; Professional baseball ; Range of motion ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Reference Values ; Regression Analysis ; Rotation ; Shoulder ; Shoulder joint ; Shoulder Joint - physiology ; Sports injuries ; Sports medicine ; Torque ; Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. 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Little is known about the relationship between pitching mechanics and shoulder joint stress, especially in professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to quantify joint loads and kinematic parameters of pitching mechanics at the major league level and to study their relationships. Three-dimensional, high-speed video data were collected on 40 professional pitchers during the 1998 Cactus League spring training. A clinically significant distraction force was calculated at the shoulder joint, which reached an average peak value of 947±162 N (108%±16% body weight). Descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to relate shoulder distraction to kinematic and kinetic parameters of pitching mechanics. This study was undertaken not only to investigate the peak forces and torques on the shoulder, but also to identify potential areas of intervention that might prevent throwing injuries. Knowledge of joint ranges of motion, angular velocities, and joint-reaction forces can provide a scientific basis for improved preventive and rehabilitative protocols for baseball pitchers.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>baseball</subject><subject>Baseball - physiology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>biomechanics</subject><subject>Elbow Joint - physiology</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Pitchers (Baseball)</subject><subject>Professional baseball</subject><subject>Range of motion</subject><subject>Range of Motion, Articular</subject><subject>Reference Values</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Rotation</subject><subject>Shoulder</subject><subject>Shoulder joint</subject><subject>Shoulder Joint - physiology</subject><subject>Sports injuries</subject><subject>Sports medicine</subject><subject>Torque</subject><subject>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. 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Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>musculoskeletal system</topic><topic>Pitchers (Baseball)</topic><topic>Professional baseball</topic><topic>Range of motion</topic><topic>Range of Motion, Articular</topic><topic>Reference Values</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Rotation</topic><topic>Shoulder</topic><topic>Shoulder joint</topic><topic>Shoulder Joint - physiology</topic><topic>Sports injuries</topic><topic>Sports medicine</topic><topic>Torque</topic><topic>Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Werner, Sherry L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gill, Thomas J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Tricia A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, Timothy D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, Richard J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Werner, Sherry L.</au><au>Gill, Thomas J.</au><au>Murray, Tricia A.</au><au>Cook, Timothy D.</au><au>Hawkins, Richard J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Relationships between Throwing Mechanics and Shoulder Distraction in Professional Baseball Pitchers</atitle><jtitle>The American journal of sports medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Sports Med</addtitle><date>2001-05-01</date><risdate>2001</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>354</spage><epage>358</epage><pages>354-358</pages><issn>0363-5465</issn><eissn>1552-3365</eissn><coden>AJSMDO</coden><abstract>The extreme forces and torques and the high speeds and excessive ranges of motion of baseball pitching place tremendous stress on the soft tissues of the throwing shoulder. Little is known about the relationship between pitching mechanics and shoulder joint stress, especially in professional athletes. The purpose of this study was to quantify joint loads and kinematic parameters of pitching mechanics at the major league level and to study their relationships. Three-dimensional, high-speed video data were collected on 40 professional pitchers during the 1998 Cactus League spring training. A clinically significant distraction force was calculated at the shoulder joint, which reached an average peak value of 947±162 N (108%±16% body weight). Descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to relate shoulder distraction to kinematic and kinetic parameters of pitching mechanics. This study was undertaken not only to investigate the peak forces and torques on the shoulder, but also to identify potential areas of intervention that might prevent throwing injuries. 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| subjects | Adult Athletes baseball Baseball - physiology Biological and medical sciences Biomechanical Phenomena biomechanics Elbow Joint - physiology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Injuries Male musculoskeletal system Pitchers (Baseball) Professional baseball Range of motion Range of Motion, Articular Reference Values Regression Analysis Rotation Shoulder Shoulder joint Shoulder Joint - physiology Sports injuries Sports medicine Torque Vertebrates: body movement. Posture. Locomotion. Flight. Swimming. Physical exercise. Rest. Sports |
| title | Relationships between Throwing Mechanics and Shoulder Distraction in Professional Baseball Pitchers |
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