Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes
The Bacillus anthracis Sterne plasmid pXO1 was sequenced by random, "shotgun" cloning. A circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. One hundred forty-three open reading frames (ORFS) were predicted using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pXO1 DNA sequen...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of Bacteriology 1999-10, Vol.181 (20), p.6509-6515 |
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| creator | Okinaka, R.T Cloud, K Hampton, O Hoffmaster, A.R Hill, K.K Keim, P Koehler, T.M Lamke, G Kumano, S Mahillon, J Manter, D Martinez, Y Ricke, D Svensson, R Jackson, P.J |
| description | The Bacillus anthracis Sterne plasmid pXO1 was sequenced by random, "shotgun" cloning. A circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. One hundred forty-three open reading frames (ORFS) were predicted using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pXO1 DNA sequence. The overall guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid is 32.5%. The most recognizable feature of the plasmid is a "pathogenicity island," defined by a 44.8-kb region that is bordered by inverted IS1627 elements at each end. This region contains the three toxin genes (cya, lef, and pagA), regulatory elements controlling the toxin genes, three germination response genes, and 19 additional ORFs. Nearly 70% of the ORFs on pXO1 do not have significant similarity to sequences available in open databases. Absent from the pXO1 sequence are homologs to genes that are typically required to drive theta replication and to maintain stability of large plasmids in Bacillus spp. Among the ORFs with a high degree of similarity to known sequences are a collection of putative transposases, resolvases, and integrases, suggesting an evolution involving lateral movement of DNA among species. Among the remaining ORFs, there are three sequences that may encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule usually associated with serotype-specific virulent streptococci. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1128/JB.181.20.6509-6515.1999 |
| format | Article |
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A circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. One hundred forty-three open reading frames (ORFS) were predicted using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pXO1 DNA sequence. The overall guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid is 32.5%. The most recognizable feature of the plasmid is a "pathogenicity island," defined by a 44.8-kb region that is bordered by inverted IS1627 elements at each end. This region contains the three toxin genes (cya, lef, and pagA), regulatory elements controlling the toxin genes, three germination response genes, and 19 additional ORFs. Nearly 70% of the ORFs on pXO1 do not have significant similarity to sequences available in open databases. Absent from the pXO1 sequence are homologs to genes that are typically required to drive theta replication and to maintain stability of large plasmids in Bacillus spp. Among the ORFs with a high degree of similarity to known sequences are a collection of putative transposases, resolvases, and integrases, suggesting an evolution involving lateral movement of DNA among species. Among the remaining ORFs, there are three sequences that may encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule usually associated with serotype-specific virulent streptococci.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9193</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-5530</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1067-8832</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/JB.181.20.6509-6515.1999</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10515943</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JOBAAY</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>Anthrax ; anthrax lethal toxin ; Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacillus anthracis ; Bacillus anthracis - genetics ; Bacteria ; bacterial proteins ; bacterial toxins ; Bacterial Toxins - genetics ; Bacteriology ; cya gene ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; DNA, Bacterial - genetics ; Enzymes ; Experiments ; genbank/af065404 ; genes ; Genes, Bacterial ; identification ; insertion sequence IS1627 ; lef gene ; Molecular Sequence Data ; nucleotide sequences ; Open Reading Frames ; pagA gene ; pathogenicity islands ; plasmid pXO1 ; Plasmids - genetics ; Plasmids and Transposons ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Origin ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology ; Studies ; transposase</subject><ispartof>Journal of Bacteriology, 1999-10, Vol.181 (20), p.6509-6515</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Society for Microbiology Oct 1999</rights><rights>Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology 1999</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-b24e664eb9692f6ca4fb83b4475846a8d7e30f8faa313010acc0abda223cf7b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-b24e664eb9692f6ca4fb83b4475846a8d7e30f8faa313010acc0abda223cf7b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC103788/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC103788/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10515943$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Okinaka, R.T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cloud, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hampton, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoffmaster, A.R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, K.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keim, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koehler, T.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamke, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumano, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahillon, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manter, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinez, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ricke, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Svensson, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, P.J</creatorcontrib><title>Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes</title><title>Journal of Bacteriology</title><addtitle>J Bacteriol</addtitle><description>The Bacillus anthracis Sterne plasmid pXO1 was sequenced by random, "shotgun" cloning. A circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. One hundred forty-three open reading frames (ORFS) were predicted using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pXO1 DNA sequence. The overall guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid is 32.5%. The most recognizable feature of the plasmid is a "pathogenicity island," defined by a 44.8-kb region that is bordered by inverted IS1627 elements at each end. This region contains the three toxin genes (cya, lef, and pagA), regulatory elements controlling the toxin genes, three germination response genes, and 19 additional ORFs. Nearly 70% of the ORFs on pXO1 do not have significant similarity to sequences available in open databases. Absent from the pXO1 sequence are homologs to genes that are typically required to drive theta replication and to maintain stability of large plasmids in Bacillus spp. Among the ORFs with a high degree of similarity to known sequences are a collection of putative transposases, resolvases, and integrases, suggesting an evolution involving lateral movement of DNA among species. Among the remaining ORFs, there are three sequences that may encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule usually associated with serotype-specific virulent streptococci.</description><subject>Anthrax</subject><subject>anthrax lethal toxin</subject><subject>Antigens, Bacterial</subject><subject>Bacillus anthracis</subject><subject>Bacillus anthracis - genetics</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>bacterial proteins</subject><subject>bacterial toxins</subject><subject>Bacterial Toxins - genetics</subject><subject>Bacteriology</subject><subject>cya gene</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA, Bacterial - genetics</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>genbank/af065404</subject><subject>genes</subject><subject>Genes, Bacterial</subject><subject>identification</subject><subject>insertion sequence IS1627</subject><subject>lef gene</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>nucleotide sequences</subject><subject>Open Reading Frames</subject><subject>pagA gene</subject><subject>pathogenicity islands</subject><subject>plasmid pXO1</subject><subject>Plasmids - genetics</subject><subject>Plasmids and Transposons</subject><subject>Recombination, Genetic</subject><subject>Replication Origin</subject><subject>Restriction Mapping</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>Sequence Homology</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>transposase</subject><issn>0021-9193</issn><issn>1098-5530</issn><issn>1067-8832</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1v1DAQhi0EosvCXwCLAycSxh9x7AMHtuKrqtRDi8TNchIn8SprL3YWCr8eL6lg4cLJsuZ5RzPzIIQJlIRQ-epiUxJJSgqlqEAVoiJVSZRS99CKgJJFVTG4j1YAlBSKKHaGHqW0BSCcV_QhOiOQE4qzFXLX9svB-tZi4zsc4mC8-2FmFzwOPd5_viIv8TxaPJk4WLwxrZumQ8rwPMb8SXg_mbRzHR5NbEJ0fviFL_VbPIdb5_FgvU2P0YPeTMk-uXvX6Obd25vzD8Xl1fuP528ui7aq1Vw0lFshuG2UULQXreF9I1nDeV1JLozsasugl70xjDAgYNoWTNMZSlnb1w1bo9dL2_2h2dmutX6OZtL76HYmftfBOP13xbtRD-GrJsBqKXP-xV0-hnyZNOudS62dJuNtOCRdg2RCSvVfkNQcOGcig8__AbfhEH2-gaa0BlHLjK2RXKA2hpSi7X9PTEAfneuLjc7ONQV9dK6PzvXReY4-Pd34JLhI_jPA6Ibxm4tWZ2V625z2y9CzBepN0GaILulP1xTyjamqapH3-AncRr45</recordid><startdate>19991001</startdate><enddate>19991001</enddate><creator>Okinaka, R.T</creator><creator>Cloud, K</creator><creator>Hampton, O</creator><creator>Hoffmaster, A.R</creator><creator>Hill, K.K</creator><creator>Keim, P</creator><creator>Koehler, T.M</creator><creator>Lamke, G</creator><creator>Kumano, S</creator><creator>Mahillon, J</creator><creator>Manter, D</creator><creator>Martinez, Y</creator><creator>Ricke, D</creator><creator>Svensson, R</creator><creator>Jackson, P.J</creator><general>American Society for Microbiology</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19991001</creationdate><title>Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes</title><author>Okinaka, R.T ; Cloud, K ; Hampton, O ; Hoffmaster, A.R ; Hill, K.K ; Keim, P ; Koehler, T.M ; Lamke, G ; Kumano, S ; Mahillon, J ; Manter, D ; Martinez, Y ; Ricke, D ; Svensson, R ; Jackson, P.J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-b24e664eb9692f6ca4fb83b4475846a8d7e30f8faa313010acc0abda223cf7b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Anthrax</topic><topic>anthrax lethal toxin</topic><topic>Antigens, Bacterial</topic><topic>Bacillus anthracis</topic><topic>Bacillus anthracis - genetics</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>bacterial proteins</topic><topic>bacterial toxins</topic><topic>Bacterial Toxins - genetics</topic><topic>Bacteriology</topic><topic>cya gene</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA, Bacterial - genetics</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Experiments</topic><topic>genbank/af065404</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>Genes, Bacterial</topic><topic>identification</topic><topic>insertion sequence IS1627</topic><topic>lef gene</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>nucleotide sequences</topic><topic>Open Reading Frames</topic><topic>pagA gene</topic><topic>pathogenicity islands</topic><topic>plasmid pXO1</topic><topic>Plasmids - genetics</topic><topic>Plasmids and Transposons</topic><topic>Recombination, Genetic</topic><topic>Replication Origin</topic><topic>Restriction Mapping</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, DNA</topic><topic>Sequence Homology</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>transposase</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Okinaka, R.T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cloud, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hampton, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoffmaster, A.R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, K.K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keim, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koehler, T.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamke, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumano, S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahillon, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manter, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinez, Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ricke, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Svensson, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jackson, P.J</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of Bacteriology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Okinaka, R.T</au><au>Cloud, K</au><au>Hampton, O</au><au>Hoffmaster, A.R</au><au>Hill, K.K</au><au>Keim, P</au><au>Koehler, T.M</au><au>Lamke, G</au><au>Kumano, S</au><au>Mahillon, J</au><au>Manter, D</au><au>Martinez, Y</au><au>Ricke, D</au><au>Svensson, R</au><au>Jackson, P.J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Bacteriology</jtitle><addtitle>J Bacteriol</addtitle><date>1999-10-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>181</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>6509</spage><epage>6515</epage><pages>6509-6515</pages><issn>0021-9193</issn><eissn>1098-5530</eissn><eissn>1067-8832</eissn><coden>JOBAAY</coden><abstract>The Bacillus anthracis Sterne plasmid pXO1 was sequenced by random, "shotgun" cloning. A circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. One hundred forty-three open reading frames (ORFS) were predicted using GeneMark and GeneMark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pXO1 DNA sequence. The overall guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid is 32.5%. The most recognizable feature of the plasmid is a "pathogenicity island," defined by a 44.8-kb region that is bordered by inverted IS1627 elements at each end. This region contains the three toxin genes (cya, lef, and pagA), regulatory elements controlling the toxin genes, three germination response genes, and 19 additional ORFs. Nearly 70% of the ORFs on pXO1 do not have significant similarity to sequences available in open databases. Absent from the pXO1 sequence are homologs to genes that are typically required to drive theta replication and to maintain stability of large plasmids in Bacillus spp. Among the ORFs with a high degree of similarity to known sequences are a collection of putative transposases, resolvases, and integrases, suggesting an evolution involving lateral movement of DNA among species. Among the remaining ORFs, there are three sequences that may encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule usually associated with serotype-specific virulent streptococci.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Society for Microbiology</pub><pmid>10515943</pmid><doi>10.1128/JB.181.20.6509-6515.1999</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anthrax anthrax lethal toxin Antigens, Bacterial Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis - genetics Bacteria bacterial proteins bacterial toxins Bacterial Toxins - genetics Bacteriology cya gene Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA, Bacterial - genetics Enzymes Experiments genbank/af065404 genes Genes, Bacterial identification insertion sequence IS1627 lef gene Molecular Sequence Data nucleotide sequences Open Reading Frames pagA gene pathogenicity islands plasmid pXO1 Plasmids - genetics Plasmids and Transposons Recombination, Genetic Replication Origin Restriction Mapping Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Homology Studies transposase |
| title | Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes |
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