The abdominal compartment syndrome: a complication with many faces

Background: Lately renewed attention has been given to the abdominal compartment syndrome. Despite of this there still remain a lot of controversies with regard to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this syndrome and the therapeutic options. Methods: Two cases of patients with this syndrome are described and the data from animal and human trials concerning the abdominal compartment syndrome are presented and discussed. Results: A variety of clinical disorders may lead to the abdominal compartment syndrome. It mainly affects the cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal organ systems. Although some clinical effects are clearly described, the exact mechanisms underlying these changes in humans are incompletely understood. It is still unclear why some patients develop abdominal compartment syndrome and others do not. The intra-abdominal pressure can easily be assessed by measuring the urine bladder pressure, which correlates well with the actual intra-abdominal pressure. All authors agree that a decompression of the abdomen by means of a laparotomy is the treatment of choice for the abdominal compartment syndrome. Which parameters should determine the indication however, remains controversial, since the correlation between clinical signs and pressure is not straightforward. Conclusions: The abdominal compartment syndrome is a well-recognised disease entity related to acutely increased abdominal pressure. Urgent laparotomy can be lifesaving in some cases. However no single threshold of abdominal pressure can be applied universally. Pending further clinical trials the best therapeutic option seems to be to decompress the abdomen surgically if the intravesical pressure is 25 mmHg or higher in patients with refractory hypotension, acute renal failure or respiratory failure due to abdominal distension.