High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA
Little information is available on the presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of lambs worldwide. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs (
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal for parasitology 2008-07, Vol.38 (8-9), p.999-1006 |
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| creator | Dubey, J.P. Sundar, N. Hill, D. Velmurugan, G.V. Bandini, L.A. Kwok, O.C.H. Majumdar, D. Su, C. |
| description | Little information is available on the presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of lambs worldwide. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.012 |
| format | Article |
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The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs (<1 year old) from Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. Hearts of 383 lambs were obtained from a slaughter house on the day of killing. Blood removed from each heart was tested for antibodies to T. gondii by using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Sera were first screened using 1:25, 1:50, 1: 100 and 1:200 dilutions, and hearts were selected for bioassay for T. gondii. Antibodies (MAT, 1:25 or higher) to T. gondii were found in 104 (27.1%) of 383 lambs. Hearts of 68 seropositive lambs were used for isolation of viable T. gondii by bioassay in cats, mice or both. For bioassays in cats, the entire myocardium or 500g was chopped and fed to cats, one cat per heart and faeces of the recipient cats were examined for shedding of T. gondii oocysts. For bioassays in mice, 50g of the myocardium was digested in an acid pepsin solution and the digest inoculated into mice; the recipient mice were examined for T. gondii infection. In total, 53 isolates of T. gondii were obtained from 68 seropositive lambs. Genotyping of the 53 T. gondii isolates using 10 PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) revealed 57 strains with 15 genotypes. Four lambs had infections with two T. gondii genotypes. Twenty-six (45.6%) strains belong to the clonal Type II lineage (these strains can be further divided into two groups based on alleles at locus Apico). Eight (15.7%) strains belong to the Type III lineage. The remaining 22 strains were divided into 11 atypical genotypes. These results indicate high parasite prevalence and high genetic diversity of T. gondii in lambs, which has important implications in public health. We believe this is the first in-depth genetic analysis of T. gondii isolates from sheep in the USA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0020-7519</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0135</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.012</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18191859</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJPYBT</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; antibody detection ; Bioassay ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological Assay ; Cats ; clonal lineages ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; genetic markers ; genetic variation ; Genotype ; Heart - parasitology ; Humans ; isolation ; Lambs ; Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis ; Mammalia ; Meat Products - parasitology ; Mice ; Ovis aris ; PCR–RFLP ; Protozoa ; restriction fragment length polymorphism ; seroprevalence ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases - parasitology ; Sheep, Domestic - parasitology ; strain differences ; Toxoplasma - genetics ; Toxoplasma - growth & development ; Toxoplasma - isolation & purification ; Toxoplasma gondi ; Toxoplasma gondii ; toxoplasmosis ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission ; United States ; USA ; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution ; zoonoses</subject><ispartof>International journal for parasitology, 2008-07, Vol.38 (8-9), p.999-1006</ispartof><rights>2007</rights><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c445t-a5064e0692c44490267ce381bf51afaf8f9cf09ccfec91b15860f5dc9020363a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c445t-a5064e0692c44490267ce381bf51afaf8f9cf09ccfec91b15860f5dc9020363a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751907004328$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=20431252$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191859$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dubey, J.P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sundar, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velmurugan, G.V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bandini, L.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwok, O.C.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majumdar, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, C.</creatorcontrib><title>High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA</title><title>International journal for parasitology</title><addtitle>Int J Parasitol</addtitle><description>Little information is available on the presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of lambs worldwide. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs (<1 year old) from Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. Hearts of 383 lambs were obtained from a slaughter house on the day of killing. Blood removed from each heart was tested for antibodies to T. gondii by using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Sera were first screened using 1:25, 1:50, 1: 100 and 1:200 dilutions, and hearts were selected for bioassay for T. gondii. Antibodies (MAT, 1:25 or higher) to T. gondii were found in 104 (27.1%) of 383 lambs. Hearts of 68 seropositive lambs were used for isolation of viable T. gondii by bioassay in cats, mice or both. For bioassays in cats, the entire myocardium or 500g was chopped and fed to cats, one cat per heart and faeces of the recipient cats were examined for shedding of T. gondii oocysts. For bioassays in mice, 50g of the myocardium was digested in an acid pepsin solution and the digest inoculated into mice; the recipient mice were examined for T. gondii infection. In total, 53 isolates of T. gondii were obtained from 68 seropositive lambs. Genotyping of the 53 T. gondii isolates using 10 PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) revealed 57 strains with 15 genotypes. Four lambs had infections with two T. gondii genotypes. Twenty-six (45.6%) strains belong to the clonal Type II lineage (these strains can be further divided into two groups based on alleles at locus Apico). Eight (15.7%) strains belong to the Type III lineage. The remaining 22 strains were divided into 11 atypical genotypes. These results indicate high parasite prevalence and high genetic diversity of T. gondii in lambs, which has important implications in public health. We believe this is the first in-depth genetic analysis of T. gondii isolates from sheep in the USA.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>antibody detection</subject><subject>Bioassay</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological Assay</subject><subject>Cats</subject><subject>clonal lineages</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>genetic markers</subject><subject>genetic variation</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Heart - parasitology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>isolation</subject><subject>Lambs</subject><subject>Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Mammalia</subject><subject>Meat Products - parasitology</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Ovis aris</subject><subject>PCR–RFLP</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>restriction fragment length polymorphism</subject><subject>seroprevalence</subject><subject>Sheep</subject><subject>Sheep Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Sheep, Domestic - parasitology</subject><subject>strain differences</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - genetics</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - growth & development</subject><subject>Toxoplasma - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Toxoplasma gondi</subject><subject>Toxoplasma gondii</subject><subject>toxoplasmosis</subject><subject>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>USA</subject><subject>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</subject><subject>zoonoses</subject><issn>0020-7519</issn><issn>1879-0135</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkcFu1DAQhiMEokvhDRD4ArcNM0mcxBekqgKKVIlDu2dr4ti7XiV2sJOqvfLkONoV3OA0HuubX6P5suwtQo6A9adjbo8TBcoLgCZHzAGLZ9kG20ZsAUv-PNsAFLBtOIqL7FWMRwDkZVW9zC6wRYEtF5vs143dH9gU9AMN2inNyPWMusX15GZG89NkFQ1sr51Pbx2ZN-zeP_ppoDgS23vXW8ts9APNumcm-JENNHaR9TrO1q1_PrDDMpJjyru4jNNsvWPWsfmg2e7u6nX2wtAQ9Ztzvcx2X7_cX99sb398-359dbtVVcXnLXGoKw21KFJfCSjqRumyxc5wJEOmNUIZEEoZrQR2yNsaDO9VIqGsSyovs4-n3Cn4n0vaTo42Kj0M5LRfomygqXnT4H_BAqEuqhISWJ1AFXyMQRs5BTtSeJIIcpUkj_IkSa6SJKJMktLYu3P-0o26_zt0tpKAD2eAYrq-CeSUjX-4AqoSC74GvT9xhrykfUjM7q5I8gFaIZp2Tfp8InQ67IPVQUZlV8-9DVrNsvf237v-BtepvIk</recordid><startdate>20080701</startdate><enddate>20080701</enddate><creator>Dubey, J.P.</creator><creator>Sundar, N.</creator><creator>Hill, D.</creator><creator>Velmurugan, G.V.</creator><creator>Bandini, L.A.</creator><creator>Kwok, O.C.H.</creator><creator>Majumdar, D.</creator><creator>Su, C.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>[Oxford; New York]: Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20080701</creationdate><title>High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA</title><author>Dubey, J.P. ; Sundar, N. ; Hill, D. ; Velmurugan, G.V. ; Bandini, L.A. ; Kwok, O.C.H. ; Majumdar, D. ; Su, C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c445t-a5064e0692c44490267ce381bf51afaf8f9cf09ccfec91b15860f5dc9020363a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>antibody detection</topic><topic>Bioassay</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biological Assay</topic><topic>Cats</topic><topic>clonal lineages</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>genetic markers</topic><topic>genetic variation</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Heart - parasitology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>isolation</topic><topic>Lambs</topic><topic>Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Mammalia</topic><topic>Meat Products - parasitology</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Ovis aris</topic><topic>PCR–RFLP</topic><topic>Protozoa</topic><topic>restriction fragment length polymorphism</topic><topic>seroprevalence</topic><topic>Sheep</topic><topic>Sheep Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Sheep, Domestic - parasitology</topic><topic>strain differences</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - genetics</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - growth & development</topic><topic>Toxoplasma - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Toxoplasma gondi</topic><topic>Toxoplasma gondii</topic><topic>toxoplasmosis</topic><topic>Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission</topic><topic>United States</topic><topic>USA</topic><topic>Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution</topic><topic>zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dubey, J.P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sundar, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Velmurugan, G.V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bandini, L.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwok, O.C.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majumdar, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, C.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal for parasitology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dubey, J.P.</au><au>Sundar, N.</au><au>Hill, D.</au><au>Velmurugan, G.V.</au><au>Bandini, L.A.</au><au>Kwok, O.C.H.</au><au>Majumdar, D.</au><au>Su, C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA</atitle><jtitle>International journal for parasitology</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Parasitol</addtitle><date>2008-07-01</date><risdate>2008</risdate><volume>38</volume><issue>8-9</issue><spage>999</spage><epage>1006</epage><pages>999-1006</pages><issn>0020-7519</issn><eissn>1879-0135</eissn><coden>IJPYBT</coden><abstract>Little information is available on the presence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of lambs worldwide. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 383 lambs (<1 year old) from Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia, USA. Hearts of 383 lambs were obtained from a slaughter house on the day of killing. Blood removed from each heart was tested for antibodies to T. gondii by using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Sera were first screened using 1:25, 1:50, 1: 100 and 1:200 dilutions, and hearts were selected for bioassay for T. gondii. Antibodies (MAT, 1:25 or higher) to T. gondii were found in 104 (27.1%) of 383 lambs. Hearts of 68 seropositive lambs were used for isolation of viable T. gondii by bioassay in cats, mice or both. For bioassays in cats, the entire myocardium or 500g was chopped and fed to cats, one cat per heart and faeces of the recipient cats were examined for shedding of T. gondii oocysts. For bioassays in mice, 50g of the myocardium was digested in an acid pepsin solution and the digest inoculated into mice; the recipient mice were examined for T. gondii infection. In total, 53 isolates of T. gondii were obtained from 68 seropositive lambs. Genotyping of the 53 T. gondii isolates using 10 PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) revealed 57 strains with 15 genotypes. Four lambs had infections with two T. gondii genotypes. Twenty-six (45.6%) strains belong to the clonal Type II lineage (these strains can be further divided into two groups based on alleles at locus Apico). Eight (15.7%) strains belong to the Type III lineage. The remaining 22 strains were divided into 11 atypical genotypes. These results indicate high parasite prevalence and high genetic diversity of T. gondii in lambs, which has important implications in public health. We believe this is the first in-depth genetic analysis of T. gondii isolates from sheep in the USA.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>18191859</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.012</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals antibody detection Bioassay Biological and medical sciences Biological Assay Cats clonal lineages Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology genetic markers genetic variation Genotype Heart - parasitology Humans isolation Lambs Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis Mammalia Meat Products - parasitology Mice Ovis aris PCR–RFLP Protozoa restriction fragment length polymorphism seroprevalence Sheep Sheep Diseases - parasitology Sheep, Domestic - parasitology strain differences Toxoplasma - genetics Toxoplasma - growth & development Toxoplasma - isolation & purification Toxoplasma gondi Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission United States USA Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution zoonoses |
| title | High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA |
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