The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants

Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has variable efficacy in preventing tuberculosis. Both BCG strain and route of administration have been implicated in determining efficacy; however, these variables are not considered in current clinical recommendations for vaccine c...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:The Journal of infectious diseases 2006-02, Vol.193 (4), p.531-536
Hauptverfasser: Davids, Virginia, Hanekom, Willem A., Mansoor, Nazma, Gamieldien, Hoyam, Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem, Hawkridge, Anthony, Hussey, Gregory D., Hughes, E. Jane, Soler, Jorge, Murray, Rose Ann, Ress, Stanley R., Kaplan, Gilla
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 536
container_issue 4
container_start_page 531
container_title The Journal of infectious diseases
container_volume 193
creator Davids, Virginia
Hanekom, Willem A.
Mansoor, Nazma
Gamieldien, Hoyam
Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem
Hawkridge, Anthony
Hussey, Gregory D.
Hughes, E. Jane
Soler, Jorge
Murray, Rose Ann
Ress, Stanley R.
Kaplan, Gilla
description Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has variable efficacy in preventing tuberculosis. Both BCG strain and route of administration have been implicated in determining efficacy; however, these variables are not considered in current clinical recommendations for vaccine choice. We evaluated antigen-specific immunity after percutaneous or intradermal administration of Japanese BCG or intradermal administration of Danish BCG. Ten weeks after vaccination of neonates, percutaneous Japanese BCG had induced significantly higher frequencies of BCG-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BCG-stimulated whole blood than did intradermal Danish BCG. Similarly, percutaneous vaccination with Japanese BCG resulted in significantly greater secretion of the T helper 1-type cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2; significantly lower secretion of the T helper 2-type cytokine interleukin-4; and greater CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Thus, BCG strain and route of neonatal vaccination confer different levels of immune activation, which may affect the efficacy of the vaccine.
doi_str_mv 10.1086/499825
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>jstor_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_70698281</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>30087605</jstor_id><oup_id>10.1086/499825</oup_id><sourcerecordid>30087605</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-d91cd3b9a230b0c0bdd3c0b5a6537d61c402e19b883b001991167d8ff81112aa3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkdFqFDEUhgdR7LbqGyixoHejJ8lMMrmsS20XK0pbdfEmZJIMzjqTrEkG9Nqn8Tl8MbPssguCCCHh8H_nP5z8RfEIwwsMDXtZCdGQ-k4xwzXlJWOY3i1mAISUuBHiqDiOcQUAFWX8fnGEWUVqTMms-Hn7xaLzrrM6Id-hV0r3w2DRXA2jTcmWF9PvX6F36KPSuncW3aSgcqmcQdd-SnbTdGbG3vUxK6n3DuWzcGbS1qDFOE656drGtXfRRrR3Umkju065FB8U9zo1RPtw954UH16f384vy6t3F4v52VWp60qk0gisDW2FIhRa0NAaQ_NdK5ZXNgzrCojFom0a2gJgITBm3DRd12CMiVL0pHi-9V0H_22yMcmxj9oOg3LWT1FyYPkTG_xfEHPgnAmewdO_wJWfgstLSEKogDyYH9x08DEG28l16EcVfkgMchOe3IaXwSc7t6kdrTlgu7Qy8GwHqKjV0AXldB8PXMNZVVPI3NMt56f1v4c93jKrmHzYUxQgu8BGL7d6DtZ-3-sqfJWMU17Ly-Vn-f7Tmxt4Wy3lkv4BJPnDRg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>223901117</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing</source><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Davids, Virginia ; Hanekom, Willem A. ; Mansoor, Nazma ; Gamieldien, Hoyam ; Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem ; Hawkridge, Anthony ; Hussey, Gregory D. ; Hughes, E. Jane ; Soler, Jorge ; Murray, Rose Ann ; Ress, Stanley R. ; Kaplan, Gilla</creator><creatorcontrib>Davids, Virginia ; Hanekom, Willem A. ; Mansoor, Nazma ; Gamieldien, Hoyam ; Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem ; Hawkridge, Anthony ; Hussey, Gregory D. ; Hughes, E. Jane ; Soler, Jorge ; Murray, Rose Ann ; Ress, Stanley R. ; Kaplan, Gilla</creatorcontrib><description>Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has variable efficacy in preventing tuberculosis. Both BCG strain and route of administration have been implicated in determining efficacy; however, these variables are not considered in current clinical recommendations for vaccine choice. We evaluated antigen-specific immunity after percutaneous or intradermal administration of Japanese BCG or intradermal administration of Danish BCG. Ten weeks after vaccination of neonates, percutaneous Japanese BCG had induced significantly higher frequencies of BCG-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BCG-stimulated whole blood than did intradermal Danish BCG. Similarly, percutaneous vaccination with Japanese BCG resulted in significantly greater secretion of the T helper 1-type cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2; significantly lower secretion of the T helper 2-type cytokine interleukin-4; and greater CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Thus, BCG strain and route of neonatal vaccination confer different levels of immune activation, which may affect the efficacy of the vaccine.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-1899</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1537-6613</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1086/499825</identifier><identifier>PMID: 16425132</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JIDIAQ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press</publisher><subject>Antibodies, Bacterial - blood ; Applied microbiology ; Bacillus calmette guerin vaccine ; Bacteria ; BCG Vaccine - administration &amp; dosage ; BCG Vaccine - immunology ; BCG Vaccine - pharmacology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood ; Cytokines ; Drug Administration Routes ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Health care administration ; Humans ; Immunity ; Immunity - drug effects ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn - immunology ; Infectious diseases ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Microbiology ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; T lymphocytes ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - immunology ; Tuberculin ; Tuberculosis vaccine ; Vaccination ; Vaccination - methods ; Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)</subject><ispartof>The Journal of infectious diseases, 2006-02, Vol.193 (4), p.531-536</ispartof><rights>2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2006</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright University of Chicago Press Feb 15, 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-d91cd3b9a230b0c0bdd3c0b5a6537d61c402e19b883b001991167d8ff81112aa3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30087605$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/30087605$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,805,27931,27932,58024,58257</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=18764530$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425132$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Davids, Virginia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanekom, Willem A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansoor, Nazma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gamieldien, Hoyam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkridge, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussey, Gregory D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, E. Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soler, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Rose Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ress, Stanley R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaplan, Gilla</creatorcontrib><title>The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants</title><title>The Journal of infectious diseases</title><addtitle>J Infect Dis</addtitle><addtitle>J Infect Dis</addtitle><description>Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has variable efficacy in preventing tuberculosis. Both BCG strain and route of administration have been implicated in determining efficacy; however, these variables are not considered in current clinical recommendations for vaccine choice. We evaluated antigen-specific immunity after percutaneous or intradermal administration of Japanese BCG or intradermal administration of Danish BCG. Ten weeks after vaccination of neonates, percutaneous Japanese BCG had induced significantly higher frequencies of BCG-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BCG-stimulated whole blood than did intradermal Danish BCG. Similarly, percutaneous vaccination with Japanese BCG resulted in significantly greater secretion of the T helper 1-type cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2; significantly lower secretion of the T helper 2-type cytokine interleukin-4; and greater CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Thus, BCG strain and route of neonatal vaccination confer different levels of immune activation, which may affect the efficacy of the vaccine.</description><subject>Antibodies, Bacterial - blood</subject><subject>Applied microbiology</subject><subject>Bacillus calmette guerin vaccine</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>BCG Vaccine - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>BCG Vaccine - immunology</subject><subject>BCG Vaccine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Drug Administration Routes</subject><subject>Evaluation Studies as Topic</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Health care administration</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunity</subject><subject>Immunity - drug effects</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn - immunology</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Mycobacterium bovis</subject><subject>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</subject><subject>T lymphocytes</subject><subject>T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - drug effects</subject><subject>T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - immunology</subject><subject>Tuberculin</subject><subject>Tuberculosis vaccine</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Vaccination - methods</subject><subject>Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)</subject><issn>0022-1899</issn><issn>1537-6613</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkdFqFDEUhgdR7LbqGyixoHejJ8lMMrmsS20XK0pbdfEmZJIMzjqTrEkG9Nqn8Tl8MbPssguCCCHh8H_nP5z8RfEIwwsMDXtZCdGQ-k4xwzXlJWOY3i1mAISUuBHiqDiOcQUAFWX8fnGEWUVqTMms-Hn7xaLzrrM6Id-hV0r3w2DRXA2jTcmWF9PvX6F36KPSuncW3aSgcqmcQdd-SnbTdGbG3vUxK6n3DuWzcGbS1qDFOE656drGtXfRRrR3Umkju065FB8U9zo1RPtw954UH16f384vy6t3F4v52VWp60qk0gisDW2FIhRa0NAaQ_NdK5ZXNgzrCojFom0a2gJgITBm3DRd12CMiVL0pHi-9V0H_22yMcmxj9oOg3LWT1FyYPkTG_xfEHPgnAmewdO_wJWfgstLSEKogDyYH9x08DEG28l16EcVfkgMchOe3IaXwSc7t6kdrTlgu7Qy8GwHqKjV0AXldB8PXMNZVVPI3NMt56f1v4c93jKrmHzYUxQgu8BGL7d6DtZ-3-sqfJWMU17Ly-Vn-f7Tmxt4Wy3lkv4BJPnDRg</recordid><startdate>20060215</startdate><enddate>20060215</enddate><creator>Davids, Virginia</creator><creator>Hanekom, Willem A.</creator><creator>Mansoor, Nazma</creator><creator>Gamieldien, Hoyam</creator><creator>Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem</creator><creator>Hawkridge, Anthony</creator><creator>Hussey, Gregory D.</creator><creator>Hughes, E. Jane</creator><creator>Soler, Jorge</creator><creator>Murray, Rose Ann</creator><creator>Ress, Stanley R.</creator><creator>Kaplan, Gilla</creator><general>The University of Chicago Press</general><general>University of Chicago Press</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20060215</creationdate><title>The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants</title><author>Davids, Virginia ; Hanekom, Willem A. ; Mansoor, Nazma ; Gamieldien, Hoyam ; Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem ; Hawkridge, Anthony ; Hussey, Gregory D. ; Hughes, E. Jane ; Soler, Jorge ; Murray, Rose Ann ; Ress, Stanley R. ; Kaplan, Gilla</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c549t-d91cd3b9a230b0c0bdd3c0b5a6537d61c402e19b883b001991167d8ff81112aa3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Antibodies, Bacterial - blood</topic><topic>Applied microbiology</topic><topic>Bacillus calmette guerin vaccine</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>BCG Vaccine - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>BCG Vaccine - immunology</topic><topic>BCG Vaccine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Drug Administration Routes</topic><topic>Evaluation Studies as Topic</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Health care administration</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunity</topic><topic>Immunity - drug effects</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn - immunology</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Mycobacterium bovis</topic><topic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</topic><topic>T lymphocytes</topic><topic>T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - drug effects</topic><topic>T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - immunology</topic><topic>Tuberculin</topic><topic>Tuberculosis vaccine</topic><topic>Vaccination</topic><topic>Vaccination - methods</topic><topic>Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Davids, Virginia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanekom, Willem A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mansoor, Nazma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gamieldien, Hoyam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkridge, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hussey, Gregory D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, E. Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soler, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Rose Ann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ress, Stanley R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaplan, Gilla</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Journal of infectious diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Davids, Virginia</au><au>Hanekom, Willem A.</au><au>Mansoor, Nazma</au><au>Gamieldien, Hoyam</au><au>Sebastian, J. Gelderbloem</au><au>Hawkridge, Anthony</au><au>Hussey, Gregory D.</au><au>Hughes, E. Jane</au><au>Soler, Jorge</au><au>Murray, Rose Ann</au><au>Ress, Stanley R.</au><au>Kaplan, Gilla</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of infectious diseases</jtitle><stitle>J Infect Dis</stitle><addtitle>J Infect Dis</addtitle><date>2006-02-15</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>193</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>531</spage><epage>536</epage><pages>531-536</pages><issn>0022-1899</issn><eissn>1537-6613</eissn><coden>JIDIAQ</coden><abstract>Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has variable efficacy in preventing tuberculosis. Both BCG strain and route of administration have been implicated in determining efficacy; however, these variables are not considered in current clinical recommendations for vaccine choice. We evaluated antigen-specific immunity after percutaneous or intradermal administration of Japanese BCG or intradermal administration of Danish BCG. Ten weeks after vaccination of neonates, percutaneous Japanese BCG had induced significantly higher frequencies of BCG-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BCG-stimulated whole blood than did intradermal Danish BCG. Similarly, percutaneous vaccination with Japanese BCG resulted in significantly greater secretion of the T helper 1-type cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2; significantly lower secretion of the T helper 2-type cytokine interleukin-4; and greater CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Thus, BCG strain and route of neonatal vaccination confer different levels of immune activation, which may affect the efficacy of the vaccine.</abstract><cop>Chicago, IL</cop><pub>The University of Chicago Press</pub><pmid>16425132</pmid><doi>10.1086/499825</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0022-1899
ispartof The Journal of infectious diseases, 2006-02, Vol.193 (4), p.531-536
issn 0022-1899
1537-6613
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_70698281
source MEDLINE; JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Antibodies, Bacterial - blood
Applied microbiology
Bacillus calmette guerin vaccine
Bacteria
BCG Vaccine - administration & dosage
BCG Vaccine - immunology
BCG Vaccine - pharmacology
Biological and medical sciences
Blood
Cytokines
Drug Administration Routes
Evaluation Studies as Topic
Female
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Health care administration
Humans
Immunity
Immunity - drug effects
Infant
Infant, Newborn - immunology
Infectious diseases
Male
Medical sciences
Microbiology
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
T lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - drug effects
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - immunology
Tuberculin
Tuberculosis vaccine
Vaccination
Vaccination - methods
Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects)
title The Effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Strain and Route of Administration on Induced Immune Responses in Vaccinated Infants
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-05T04%3A18%3A41IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20Effect%20of%20Bacille%20Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin%20Vaccine%20Strain%20and%20Route%20of%20Administration%20on%20Induced%20Immune%20Responses%20in%20Vaccinated%20Infants&rft.jtitle=The%20Journal%20of%20infectious%20diseases&rft.au=Davids,%20Virginia&rft.date=2006-02-15&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=531&rft.epage=536&rft.pages=531-536&rft.issn=0022-1899&rft.eissn=1537-6613&rft.coden=JIDIAQ&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/499825&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_proqu%3E30087605%3C/jstor_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=223901117&rft_id=info:pmid/16425132&rft_jstor_id=30087605&rft_oup_id=10.1086/499825&rfr_iscdi=true