Analysis of Chiral Amino Acids in Conventional and Transgenic Maize

In this work, a new chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (chiral-MEKC-LIF) method is proposed to identify and quantify d- and l-amino acids in three lines of transgenic maize and their corresponding nontransgenic parental lines grown under identical conditions. The optimized procedure includes amino acids extraction, derivatization with FITC and chiral-MEKC-LIF separation in a background electrolyte composed of 100 mM sodium tetraborate, 80 mM SDS, and 20 mM β-CD at pH 10.0. The d- and l-forms of Arg, Ser, Ala, Glu, and Asp, corresponding to the majority amino acids usually found in maize, are separated in less than 25 min with efficiencies up to 890 000 plates/m and high sensitivity (i.e., LODs as low as 160 nM were obtained for d-Arg for a signal-to-noise ratio of three), allowing the detection of 1% d-Arg in the presence of 99% of its opposite enantiomer. Using this method, different d-amino acids are detected in all investigated maize samples providing the reproducible quantification of the d-enantiomeric excess (% d-aa) for each amino acid calculated as % d-aa = 100d-aa/(d-aa + l-aa). Thus, significant differences were observed among the % d-aa values for the different conventional varieties (Aristis, Tietar, and PR33P66 maize) as could be expected from their natural variability. More interestingly, comparing each conventional maize with its corresponding transgenic line, very similar % d-aa values were obtained for one of the studied maize couples (Tietar vs Tietar-Bt) what could be presented as a new proof of their substantial equivalence. However, significant differences in the % d-aa values were observed for the other lines of maize studied. It is concluded that enantioselective procedures can open new perspectives in the study of transgenic organisms in order to corroborate (or not) the equivalence with their conventional counterparts.