Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Activates Transcription by Bypassing CREB Phosphorylation, Not by Stabilizing bZIP−DNA Complexes

Although previous work has shown that the hepatitis B virus X protein (pX) stabilizes complexes between basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins and target DNA, the relationship between enhanced binding and transcriptional activation has not been established. Here we show that interactions between CREB and pX, which coincidentally enhance DNA affinity, are necessary but not sufficient for increased transcriptional potency. Further, we show that transcriptional activation by pX requires a form of CREB in which Ser-133 is not phosphorylated. By stimulating the transcriptional potency of unphosphorylated CREB, pX can up-regulate the expression of cAMP-responsive genes implicated in hepatocyte proliferation, leading ultimately to the development of liver cancer after viral infection.