Quantitative ultrasound predicts bone mineral density and failure load in human lumbar vertebrae

Abstract Background Quantitative ultrasound is in widespread clinical use for assessment of bone quality at peripheral skeletal sites, but has not yet been applied to those sites in the axial skeleton, such as the spine and hip, where osteoporotic fractures are common. Methods Ultrasound measurements were made in 11 cadaveric vertebrae and relationships with bone mineral density and failure load were investigated. An ultrasonic imaging system was used to measure speed of sound, broadband ultrasonic attenuation, and attenuation at a single frequency, through the vertebral body in the sagittal plane. Ultrasonic measurements were averaged over a region of interest centrally within the vertebral body, and were calculated with and without normalization for bone size. Vertebral bone mineral density was measured in antero-posterior and lateral projections using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Compressive mechanical testing was performed to determine vertebral failure load. Findings Bone mineral density correlated with failure load ( r = 0.74–0.78, all P < 0.01), and with quantitative ultrasound ( r = 0.63–0.82, P = 0.038–0.004), in line with previous studies. Of the ultrasonic measurements, those parameters not normalized for bone size gave the highest correlations with failure load, ranging from r = 0.71 ( P = 0.021) for speed of sound to r = 0.93 ( P < 0.001) for attenuation. When ultrasonic measurements were normalized for bone size, the correlations with both failure load and bone mineral density were lower. Interpretation These results confirm the feasibility of vertebral quantitative ultrasound in vitro, and indicate that ultrasound does provide information on both bone mineral density and failure load. The predictive performance of ultrasonic measurements for failure load was comparable to or greater than that of bone mineral density, suggesting that ultrasound has the potential to be at least as useful as mineral density in the assessment of vertebral bone. Normalizing ultrasonic measurements for bone size reduced the strength of correlations because both bone mineral density and bone strength reflect bone size to a certain extent.