Muscle Reflexes and Synergies Triggered by an Unexpected Support Surface Height During Walking

1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 2 Gait and Posture Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; and 3 Sint Maartenskliniek Research Development & Education, Nijmegen, The Netherlan...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of neurophysiology 2007-05, Vol.97 (5), p.3639-3650
Hauptverfasser: van der Linden, Marleen H, Marigold, Daniel S, Gabreels, Fons J.M, Duysens, Jacques
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container_end_page 3650
container_issue 5
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container_title Journal of neurophysiology
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creator van der Linden, Marleen H
Marigold, Daniel S
Gabreels, Fons J.M
Duysens, Jacques
description 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 2 Gait and Posture Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada; and 3 Sint Maartenskliniek Research Development & Education, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Submitted 5 December 2006; accepted in final form 23 March 2007 An important phase in the step cycle is foot contact. When the moment of foot contact differs from the one expected, a fast response is needed. Such a mismatch can be caused by hitting a support surface earlier or later than expected. To study this, experiments were performed with healthy young adults who walked on a platform that was unexpectedly at a lowered (5 cm) or at a level height. Glasses blocked the lower visual field. In the unexpectedly lowered trials, the absence of expected heel contact triggered responses in the ipsilateral anti-gravity muscles [ipsilateral medial gastrocnemius (MGi), ipsilateral rectus femoris (RFi)] and contralateral flexor muscles [contralateral tibialis anterior (TAc), contralaterial biceps femoris (BFc)] with latencies of 47–69 ms. After the delayed heel contact, enhanced activity was found in the MGi, RFi, and TAc muscles. This specific muscle synergy was presumably activated to arrest the forward propulsion of the body. In contrast, when the surface was unexpectedly at level height, the subjects expected to step down, and the leg briefly yielded. A muscle synergy was activated at 46–81 ms that flexed the ipsilateral knee (TAi, BFi, RFi) and extended the contralateral one (MGc, BFc) to unload the perturbed leg and delay the contralateral swing phase. Both conditions triggered a fast functionally relevant muscle synergy because of a mismatch between the expected and actual sensory feedback at the moment of foot contact. The results are consistent with an internal model that compares the expected with the actual sensory feedback. The short latency of the response suggests a subcortical, possibly cerebellar pathway. Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. Duysens, Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine, 898, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands (E-mail: j.duysens{at}reval.umcn.nl )
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When the moment of foot contact differs from the one expected, a fast response is needed. Such a mismatch can be caused by hitting a support surface earlier or later than expected. To study this, experiments were performed with healthy young adults who walked on a platform that was unexpectedly at a lowered (5 cm) or at a level height. Glasses blocked the lower visual field. In the unexpectedly lowered trials, the absence of expected heel contact triggered responses in the ipsilateral anti-gravity muscles [ipsilateral medial gastrocnemius (MGi), ipsilateral rectus femoris (RFi)] and contralateral flexor muscles [contralateral tibialis anterior (TAc), contralaterial biceps femoris (BFc)] with latencies of 47–69 ms. After the delayed heel contact, enhanced activity was found in the MGi, RFi, and TAc muscles. This specific muscle synergy was presumably activated to arrest the forward propulsion of the body. 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subjects Adaptation, Physiological - physiology
Adult
Analysis of Variance
Biomechanical Phenomena
Electromyography - methods
Feedback
Female
Foot - innervation
Foot - physiology
Hip - innervation
Hip - physiology
Humans
Leg - innervation
Leg - physiology
Male
Models, Biological
Muscle, Skeletal - physiology
Orthotic Devices
Postural Balance - physiology
Posture - physiology
Reflex - physiology
Walking
title Muscle Reflexes and Synergies Triggered by an Unexpected Support Surface Height During Walking
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