The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers

We studied whether polymorphisms in the UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes, the enzymes producing the phenolic (MPAG) and acyl (AcMPAG) glucuronides of mycophenolic acid (MPA), could contribute to the interindividual variation observed in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) pharmacokinetics (PKs). This study...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2007-03, Vol.81 (3), p.392-400
Hauptverfasser: Lévesque, E, Delage, R, Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O, Caron, P, Bernard, O, Couture, F, Guillemette, C
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 400
container_issue 3
container_start_page 392
container_title Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
container_volume 81
creator Lévesque, E
Delage, R
Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O
Caron, P
Bernard, O
Couture, F
Guillemette, C
description We studied whether polymorphisms in the UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes, the enzymes producing the phenolic (MPAG) and acyl (AcMPAG) glucuronides of mycophenolic acid (MPA), could contribute to the interindividual variation observed in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) pharmacokinetics (PKs). This study enrolled 17 healthy volunteers with no polymorphisms (controls) and 17 carriers of UGT1A9 —275/–2152 selected among 305 individuals genetically screened for UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) polymorphisms. Additional investigative groups included carriers of UGT1A8*2 (A173G) (n=9), UGT1A8*3 (C277Y) (n=4), and UGT1A9*3 (M33T) (n=5). Genetic analysis also included UGT2B7 to detect UGT2B7*2 (His268Tyr) and the promoter haplotype −1248A>G, −1241T>C, −1054T>C, −842G>A, −268A>G, −102T>C. Kinetics were measured in plasma and urine after a single 1.5 g oral dose of MMF, by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, over 12 h after drug intake. Compared to controls, MPA exposure was significantly lower for UGT1A9 −275/−2152 carriers, with no significant changes in MPAG. The estimates of enterohepatic (re)cycling (area under the concentration–time curve (AUC6–12 h/AUC0–12 h)) were significantly lower for MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in UGT1A9 −275/−2152 subjects. Compared with controls, UGT1A9*3 carriers had higher MPA and AcMPAG exposure, whereas homozygosity for the UGT1A8*2 allele and heterozygosity for UGT1A8*3 allele had no impact on MPA PKs. Compared with UGT2B7*1/*1 individuals (n=10), UGT2B7*2/*2 subjects (n=17) presented significantly higher free MPA Cmax values and elevated free and total MPA. Results indicate that after a single oral dose of MMF in healthy volunteers, specific UGT genotypes significantly alter MPA PKs and this clearly warrants additional studies with complete and detailed genetic profiling of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 392–400. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073
doi_str_mv 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_70234152</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>70234152</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4643-865cb52b07a0eba907f6855c759b1b5bba91b9af7967afc753a47d7841968cd23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhS0EotPCmh3yBlbN1I7jv-UwwLRSUUdiyjZyHId4cOJgZ4TyOH1THE1Ql6yOffT53CsfAN5htMaIiJt4XGs3jGuGEUKcvAArTEmeMUroS7BKnsxkTtgFuIzxmK6FFOI1uMCcECmYXIGnQ2vgXTcoPULfwMfdAW_E9VnlNVR9PZ_zTxzuTG9Gq-Heu6nzYWht7CL0PRxTwr5VoVPa_7ILFHxjnZkjv03aD63pvUv-RtsabprRBKjgd9v_TMxDUA5-9tFA28Nbo9zYTvCHd6d-NCbEN-BVo1w0bxe9Ao9fvxy2t9n9w-5uu7nPdMEKkglGdUXzCnGFTKUk4g0TlGpOZYUrWiULV1I1XDKummQTVfCaiwJLJnSdkyvw8Zw7BP_7ZOJYdjZq45zqjT_FkqOcFJjO4M0Z1MHHGExTDsF2KkwlRuXcShmP5dxKubSSXrxfok9VZ-pnfqkhAR8WQEWtXBNUr2185gTHlEmcOH7m_qTPnf43t9zuD_9W-AtU9Kbu</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>70234152</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Lévesque, E ; Delage, R ; Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O ; Caron, P ; Bernard, O ; Couture, F ; Guillemette, C</creator><creatorcontrib>Lévesque, E ; Delage, R ; Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O ; Caron, P ; Bernard, O ; Couture, F ; Guillemette, C</creatorcontrib><description>We studied whether polymorphisms in the UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes, the enzymes producing the phenolic (MPAG) and acyl (AcMPAG) glucuronides of mycophenolic acid (MPA), could contribute to the interindividual variation observed in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) pharmacokinetics (PKs). This study enrolled 17 healthy volunteers with no polymorphisms (controls) and 17 carriers of UGT1A9 —275/–2152 selected among 305 individuals genetically screened for UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) polymorphisms. Additional investigative groups included carriers of UGT1A8*2 (A173G) (n=9), UGT1A8*3 (C277Y) (n=4), and UGT1A9*3 (M33T) (n=5). Genetic analysis also included UGT2B7 to detect UGT2B7*2 (His268Tyr) and the promoter haplotype −1248A&gt;G, −1241T&gt;C, −1054T&gt;C, −842G&gt;A, −268A&gt;G, −102T&gt;C. Kinetics were measured in plasma and urine after a single 1.5 g oral dose of MMF, by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, over 12 h after drug intake. Compared to controls, MPA exposure was significantly lower for UGT1A9 −275/−2152 carriers, with no significant changes in MPAG. The estimates of enterohepatic (re)cycling (area under the concentration–time curve (AUC6–12 h/AUC0–12 h)) were significantly lower for MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in UGT1A9 −275/−2152 subjects. Compared with controls, UGT1A9*3 carriers had higher MPA and AcMPAG exposure, whereas homozygosity for the UGT1A8*2 allele and heterozygosity for UGT1A8*3 allele had no impact on MPA PKs. Compared with UGT2B7*1/*1 individuals (n=10), UGT2B7*2/*2 subjects (n=17) presented significantly higher free MPA Cmax values and elevated free and total MPA. Results indicate that after a single oral dose of MMF in healthy volunteers, specific UGT genotypes significantly alter MPA PKs and this clearly warrants additional studies with complete and detailed genetic profiling of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes. Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics (2007) 81, 392–400. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073</description><identifier>ISSN: 0009-9236</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-6535</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17339869</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CLPTAT</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: Nature Publishing</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - pharmacokinetics ; Area Under Curve ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biological Availability ; Biotransformation ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Glucuronosyltransferase - genetics ; Haplotypes ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycophenolic Acid - pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Polymorphism, Genetic - physiology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><ispartof>Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2007-03, Vol.81 (3), p.392-400</ispartof><rights>2007 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics</rights><rights>2007 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4643-865cb52b07a0eba907f6855c759b1b5bba91b9af7967afc753a47d7841968cd23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4643-865cb52b07a0eba907f6855c759b1b5bba91b9af7967afc753a47d7841968cd23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1038%2Fsj.clpt.6100073$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038%2Fsj.clpt.6100073$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=18715691$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339869$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lévesque, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delage, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caron, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernard, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Couture, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guillemette, C</creatorcontrib><title>The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers</title><title>Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics</title><addtitle>Clin Pharmacol Ther</addtitle><description>We studied whether polymorphisms in the UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes, the enzymes producing the phenolic (MPAG) and acyl (AcMPAG) glucuronides of mycophenolic acid (MPA), could contribute to the interindividual variation observed in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) pharmacokinetics (PKs). This study enrolled 17 healthy volunteers with no polymorphisms (controls) and 17 carriers of UGT1A9 —275/–2152 selected among 305 individuals genetically screened for UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) polymorphisms. Additional investigative groups included carriers of UGT1A8*2 (A173G) (n=9), UGT1A8*3 (C277Y) (n=4), and UGT1A9*3 (M33T) (n=5). Genetic analysis also included UGT2B7 to detect UGT2B7*2 (His268Tyr) and the promoter haplotype −1248A&gt;G, −1241T&gt;C, −1054T&gt;C, −842G&gt;A, −268A&gt;G, −102T&gt;C. Kinetics were measured in plasma and urine after a single 1.5 g oral dose of MMF, by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, over 12 h after drug intake. Compared to controls, MPA exposure was significantly lower for UGT1A9 −275/−2152 carriers, with no significant changes in MPAG. The estimates of enterohepatic (re)cycling (area under the concentration–time curve (AUC6–12 h/AUC0–12 h)) were significantly lower for MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in UGT1A9 −275/−2152 subjects. Compared with controls, UGT1A9*3 carriers had higher MPA and AcMPAG exposure, whereas homozygosity for the UGT1A8*2 allele and heterozygosity for UGT1A8*3 allele had no impact on MPA PKs. Compared with UGT2B7*1/*1 individuals (n=10), UGT2B7*2/*2 subjects (n=17) presented significantly higher free MPA Cmax values and elevated free and total MPA. Results indicate that after a single oral dose of MMF in healthy volunteers, specific UGT genotypes significantly alter MPA PKs and this clearly warrants additional studies with complete and detailed genetic profiling of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes. Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics (2007) 81, 392–400. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Area Under Curve</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biological Availability</subject><subject>Biotransformation</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gene Frequency</subject><subject>Glucuronosyltransferase - genetics</subject><subject>Haplotypes</subject><subject>Heterozygote</subject><subject>Homozygote</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Mycophenolic Acid - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Polymorphism, Genetic - physiology</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><issn>0009-9236</issn><issn>1532-6535</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2007</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhS0EotPCmh3yBlbN1I7jv-UwwLRSUUdiyjZyHId4cOJgZ4TyOH1THE1Ql6yOffT53CsfAN5htMaIiJt4XGs3jGuGEUKcvAArTEmeMUroS7BKnsxkTtgFuIzxmK6FFOI1uMCcECmYXIGnQ2vgXTcoPULfwMfdAW_E9VnlNVR9PZ_zTxzuTG9Gq-Heu6nzYWht7CL0PRxTwr5VoVPa_7ILFHxjnZkjv03aD63pvUv-RtsabprRBKjgd9v_TMxDUA5-9tFA28Nbo9zYTvCHd6d-NCbEN-BVo1w0bxe9Ao9fvxy2t9n9w-5uu7nPdMEKkglGdUXzCnGFTKUk4g0TlGpOZYUrWiULV1I1XDKummQTVfCaiwJLJnSdkyvw8Zw7BP_7ZOJYdjZq45zqjT_FkqOcFJjO4M0Z1MHHGExTDsF2KkwlRuXcShmP5dxKubSSXrxfok9VZ-pnfqkhAR8WQEWtXBNUr2185gTHlEmcOH7m_qTPnf43t9zuD_9W-AtU9Kbu</recordid><startdate>200703</startdate><enddate>200703</enddate><creator>Lévesque, E</creator><creator>Delage, R</creator><creator>Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O</creator><creator>Caron, P</creator><creator>Bernard, O</creator><creator>Couture, F</creator><creator>Guillemette, C</creator><general>Nature Publishing</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200703</creationdate><title>The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers</title><author>Lévesque, E ; Delage, R ; Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O ; Caron, P ; Bernard, O ; Couture, F ; Guillemette, C</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4643-865cb52b07a0eba907f6855c759b1b5bba91b9af7967afc753a47d7841968cd23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2007</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Area Under Curve</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biological Availability</topic><topic>Biotransformation</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gene Frequency</topic><topic>Glucuronosyltransferase - genetics</topic><topic>Haplotypes</topic><topic>Heterozygote</topic><topic>Homozygote</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Mycophenolic Acid - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Polymorphism, Genetic - physiology</topic><topic>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lévesque, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delage, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caron, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bernard, O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Couture, F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guillemette, C</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lévesque, E</au><au>Delage, R</au><au>Benoit‐Biancamano, M‐O</au><au>Caron, P</au><au>Bernard, O</au><au>Couture, F</au><au>Guillemette, C</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers</atitle><jtitle>Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics</jtitle><addtitle>Clin Pharmacol Ther</addtitle><date>2007-03</date><risdate>2007</risdate><volume>81</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>392</spage><epage>400</epage><pages>392-400</pages><issn>0009-9236</issn><eissn>1532-6535</eissn><coden>CLPTAT</coden><abstract>We studied whether polymorphisms in the UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes, the enzymes producing the phenolic (MPAG) and acyl (AcMPAG) glucuronides of mycophenolic acid (MPA), could contribute to the interindividual variation observed in mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) pharmacokinetics (PKs). This study enrolled 17 healthy volunteers with no polymorphisms (controls) and 17 carriers of UGT1A9 —275/–2152 selected among 305 individuals genetically screened for UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) polymorphisms. Additional investigative groups included carriers of UGT1A8*2 (A173G) (n=9), UGT1A8*3 (C277Y) (n=4), and UGT1A9*3 (M33T) (n=5). Genetic analysis also included UGT2B7 to detect UGT2B7*2 (His268Tyr) and the promoter haplotype −1248A&gt;G, −1241T&gt;C, −1054T&gt;C, −842G&gt;A, −268A&gt;G, −102T&gt;C. Kinetics were measured in plasma and urine after a single 1.5 g oral dose of MMF, by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, over 12 h after drug intake. Compared to controls, MPA exposure was significantly lower for UGT1A9 −275/−2152 carriers, with no significant changes in MPAG. The estimates of enterohepatic (re)cycling (area under the concentration–time curve (AUC6–12 h/AUC0–12 h)) were significantly lower for MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in UGT1A9 −275/−2152 subjects. Compared with controls, UGT1A9*3 carriers had higher MPA and AcMPAG exposure, whereas homozygosity for the UGT1A8*2 allele and heterozygosity for UGT1A8*3 allele had no impact on MPA PKs. Compared with UGT2B7*1/*1 individuals (n=10), UGT2B7*2/*2 subjects (n=17) presented significantly higher free MPA Cmax values and elevated free and total MPA. Results indicate that after a single oral dose of MMF in healthy volunteers, specific UGT genotypes significantly alter MPA PKs and this clearly warrants additional studies with complete and detailed genetic profiling of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 genes. Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics (2007) 81, 392–400. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Nature Publishing</pub><pmid>17339869</pmid><doi>10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0009-9236
ispartof Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2007-03, Vol.81 (3), p.392-400
issn 0009-9236
1532-6535
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_70234152
source MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete
subjects Adolescent
Adult
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic - pharmacokinetics
Area Under Curve
Biological and medical sciences
Biological Availability
Biotransformation
Cohort Studies
Female
Gene Frequency
Glucuronosyltransferase - genetics
Haplotypes
Heterozygote
Homozygote
Humans
Male
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
Molecular Sequence Data
Mycophenolic Acid - pharmacokinetics
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
Polymorphism, Genetic - physiology
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
title The Impact of UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Mycophenolic Acid After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-21T20%3A38%3A29IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20Impact%20of%20UGT1A8,%20UGT1A9,%20and%20UGT2B7%20Genetic%20Polymorphisms%20on%20the%20Pharmacokinetic%20Profile%20of%20Mycophenolic%20Acid%20After%20a%20Single%20Oral%20Dose%20in%20Healthy%20Volunteers&rft.jtitle=Clinical%20pharmacology%20and%20therapeutics&rft.au=L%C3%A9vesque,%20E&rft.date=2007-03&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=392&rft.epage=400&rft.pages=392-400&rft.issn=0009-9236&rft.eissn=1532-6535&rft.coden=CLPTAT&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100073&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E70234152%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=70234152&rft_id=info:pmid/17339869&rfr_iscdi=true